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Antitumor activities of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 in preclinical models of sarcoma

Yoko Takai

E-mail : aa

Department of Innovative Seeds Evaluation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan

Asuka Matsuo

Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan

Zhiwei Qiao

Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan

Tadashi Kondo

Department of Innovative Seeds Evaluation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan

Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan

DOI:10.15761/IMM.1000239.

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Abstract

Sarcomas are rare mesenchymal malignancies with diverse clinical and pathological features. Although the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for sarcomas leads to remarkable clinical benefits, novel anticancer drugs are required for better clinical outcomes in patients with sarcomas. Aberrant regulation of many tyrosine kinases drives the defective signaling pathways in sarcomas. We examined the inhibitory effects of three drugs on signal transduction pathways in sarcomas, using a panel of 20 sarcoma cell lines with different histological origins. The effects of BIBF 1120 on the triple receptor kinase pathway, BI 860585 on the mTOR signaling pathway, and BI 836845 on the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-induced signal transduction pathway were investigated. Osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma cell lines were used for the study. Our findings indicated that BIBF 1120 may preferentially inhibit the viability of synovial sarcoma cell lines, BI 860585 may have inhibitory effects on the viability of sarcoma cells with different histological features, BI 836845 may have specific inhibitory effects in Ewing sarcoma, and IGF-1 receptor may be a predictive biomarker of sarcomas. However, further investigations on the molecular mechanisms involved in the responses to treatments with the three inhibitors are necessary for developing novel therapeutic strategies against sarcomas.

Key words

 BIBF 1120, BI 860585, BI 836845, sarcoma, tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Introduction

Sarcomas are mesenchymal malignancies with different histological backgrounds. The clinical features of sarcomas range from curable to metastatic tumors, which result in short-term survival. Although surgical resection is the treatment of choice for the localized disease, 50% of high-grade sarcomas tend to recur [1]. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy, which started in the early 1970s, led to remarkable improvements in the outcome of sarcoma patients. For example, the survival rates of patients with localized osteosarcoma [2-6] and Ewing sarcoma [7-9], both of which are sensitive to chemotherapy, were improved from approximately 20% to 70% by adding multiagent chemotherapy to the surgical removal of the tumors. However, intensified chemotherapy has not been noted to substantially improve the clinical outcomes of osteosarcoma [10,11] or Ewing sarcoma [12,13]. Moreover, in sarcomas that do not respond well to chemotherapy, the role of adjuvant treatment remains a subject of discussion because its potential benefit does not exceed its side effects. These notions drove the development of a novel therapeutic strategy such as targeted one [14].

The advent of targeted drugs has considerably contributed to the recent trends in sarcoma treatment [15]. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the following targeted drugs for the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas: imatinib mesylate [16], pazopanib hydrochloride [17], eribulin mesylate [18], and trabectedin [19]. Immunotherapeutic approaches have also been introduced for the treatment of sarcomas [20]. Considering the substantial number of FDA-approved targeted drugs for treating other malignancies, a higher number of targeted drugs will be adapted to sarcoma treatments.

In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of three drugs: BIBF 1120 (nintedanib), BI 860585, and BI 836845, on signal transduction pathways.

BIBF 1120 is a triple kinase inhibitor, which blocks the receptor pathway of vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor [21,22]. BIBF 1120 inhibits members of the kinase family of proteins such as Src, Lck, and Lyn. In addition to the receptor-mediated signal pathways in the cells, BIBF 1120 also targets the interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer [23]. A phase I study suggested that BIBF 1120 has antitumor activity against many types of cancers such as colorectal cancer, renal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma [24]. The usefulness of BIBF 1120 as an anticancer agent against non-small cell lung cancer has been proved in preclinical and clinical phase I and II trials [25]. A phase II clinical trial on the efficacy of BIBF 1120 in metastatic soft tissue sarcomas (NCT02808247) has been recently launched.

BI 860585 is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase and a downstream effector of the PI3K/AKT pathway [26]. mTORC1 and mTORC2 are complexes formed from mTOR. mTORC1 is sensitive to rapamycin and is involved in mRNA translation, whereas mTORC2 is resistant to rapamycin and regulates actin cytoskeleton. Aberrant regulations of mTORC1 and mTORC2 have been reported in many cancers. Rapamycin and its analogues inhibit cell growth in several types of malignancies including osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma [27]. The possible usefulness of mTOR inhibitors in sarcomas has also been reported [28]. An open-label phase I dose-finding study on BI 860585 is ongoing in patients with various advanced and/or metastatic solid tumors (NCT01938846). The maximum tolerated dose of BI 860585 from the study was recently reported [29].

BI 836845 is a therapeutic antibody with high and specific affinity to human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-2. BI 836845 inhibits IGF-induced activation of signal transduction [30]. IGFs control cellular proliferation and the survival and growth of organisms [31,32]. IGF-1 and IGF-2 have been noted to stimulate tumor growth in many preclinical cancer models [33]. The concentration of IGF-1 in blood is of prognostic value in cancers [34,35]. In addition, the prognostic value of IGF-1R expression in sarcomas has been reported in a meta-analysis [36]. The IGF signaling pathway is considered as a target in the treatment of sarcomas. For instance, anti-IGF-1R has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Ewing sarcoma [37]. A phase I, open-label, dose-escalation trial on the use of BI 836845 in various solid cancers (NCT01403974) was completed in December 2015.

We aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 in 20 sarcoma cell lines. Our results will be useful in the consideration of the three inhibitors as molecular targeting drugs for the treatment of sarcoma.

Materials and methods

BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 were provided by Boehringer Ingelheim (Ingelheum, Germany).

Sarcoma cell lines

Twenty sarcoma cell lines with different histological backgrounds were used for the study. Table 1 shows the subtypes and sources of cell lines, as well as the culture media used in the study. The number of cells cultured per well have also been indicated. The cell lines were authenticated by examining the pattern of short tandem repeat. Mycoplasma contamination was excluded by monitoring DNA unique to mycoplasma in the culture-conditioned medium.

Growth inhibitory assay and analysis

The cells were suspended in the medium in Table 1 and plated in 96-well plates at adequate numbers for the individual cell lines and incubated overnight. The cells were then incubated with the inhibitors or vehicle for 72 hours, after which cell viability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit 8 (Dojindo Molecular Technologies Inc, Kumamoto, Japan). Absorbance was measured at 450 nm. The software, GraphPad Prisom7 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), was used to construct 4-parameter logistic curves for assessing the inhibitory effects of tyrosine kinases on cell viability. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of each drug was then calculated to assess the suppressive efficacy of each drug.

Table 1. Summary of the cell lines used in the study

Sarcoma type

Name of cell line

Cell culture medium

Provider of cell line

Cells/well

Osteosarcoma

143B

α

A

2 × 103

MG63

α

A

2 × 103

SJSA-1

α

C

4 × 103

U2OS

α

C

5 × 103

HS-OS-1

α

A

2 × 103

HuO 9N2

γ

A

5 × 103

HuO 3N1

γ

B

5 × 103

NOS-10

α

A

1 × 103

HOS

α

A

4 × 103

MNNG-HOS

α

C

1 × 103

Synovial sarcoma

SYO-1

β

D

5 × 103

1273/99

β

E

5 × 103

YaFuSS

β

F

1 × 104

HS-SY-2

β

A

1.2 × 104

Rhabdomyosarcoma

KYM-1

γ

B

2 × 103

SJCRH30

γ

C

8 × 103

RD

γ

B

5 × 103

Ewing sarcoma

A673

α

C

2 × 103

RD-ES

γ

C

4 × 103

W-ES

γ

G

6 × 103

α: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)

β: DMEM low glucose (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA)

γ: Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich)

All the media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin G, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich).

A: RIKEN BRC Cell Bank (Ibaraki, Japan)

B: Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank (Osaka, Japan)

C: American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA)

D: Dr. A. Kawai (National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan)

E: Dr. O. Larsson (Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden)

F: Dr. J. Toguchida (Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan)

G: Dr. Y. Fujii (Hamamatsu University, School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan)

Transcriptomic data analysis

Gene expression datasets of Ewing sarcoma cell lines were obtained from the public Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) (Table 3). The data for A673, RD-ES, and W-ES cell lines have been reported previously [38,39]. Gene expression data analysis was performed using R software and other software packages from the Bioconductor Project as follows [40,41]. The DNA microarray data were normalized using MAS5.0 from the Bioconductor affy package [42] and then by the global median centering method.

Table 2. Summary of half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 against sarcoma cell lines

Sarcoma subtype

Name of cell lines

EC50 (μM)

BIBF 1120

BI 860585

BI 836845

Osteosarcoma

14

2.7

0.11

>10

MG63

3.7

0.04

>10

SJSA-1

3.3

0.40

>10

U2OS

2.8

0.36

>10

HS-OS-1

2.6

0.03

>10

HuO 9N2

5.7

0.49

>10

HuO 3N1

3.4

0.08

>10

NOS-10

2.3

0.05

>10

HOS

3.1

0.39

>10

MNNG-HOS

2.7

0.07

>10

Synovial sarcoma

SYO-1

0.41

0.15

>10

1273/99

5.4

0.33

>10

YaFuSS

0.7

0.13

8.83

HS-SY-2

0.33

0.04

6.67

Rhabdomyosarcoma

KYM-1

3.4

0.07

>10

SJCRH30

3.8

0.52

>10

RD

3.1

0.24

>10

Ewing sarcoma

A673

3.5

0.18

>10

RD-ES

6.7

0.08

0.02

W-ES

5.9

0.06

0.19

Table 3.  mRNA expression data of the Ewing sarcoma cell lines

A673

ArrayExpress

E-MTAB-37

Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array

A-673_SS271873_HG-U133_Plus_2_HCHP-167936_.CEL

RD-ES

GEO

GSE8596

Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array

GSM213308

W-ES

GEO

GSE8596

Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array

GSM213312

Results and discussion

The effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 on the viabilities of the 20 sarcoma cell lines are illustrated in Figures 1-4. Sarcomas consist of a wide variety of histologically different mesenchymal tumors. Each sarcoma subtype has unique molecular backgrounds; therefore, therapeutic strategies are established according to the clinical and pathological features of each sarcoma [43]. Osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma are among the major sarcoma subtypes. We investigated the histological subtypes and cell lines of the sarcomas that showed favorable responses to the treatments with the inhibitors. Figures 1-4 show the logistic curves for the three drugs against the growth of each cell line. The data obtained from the curves were used to calculate the EC50 values (Table 2), which have been illustrated as a heat-map in Figure 5.

Figure 1. Dose response curves showing the inhibitory effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 on osteosarcoma cell lines.

Figure 2. Dose response curves showing the inhibitory effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 on synovial sarcoma cell lines.

Figure 3. Dose response curves showing the inhibitory effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 on rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines.

Figure 4. Dose response curves showing the inhibitory effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 on Ewing sarcoma cell lines.

Figure 5. Half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 against 20 subtypes of sarcoma cell lines. The different colors correspond to numerical data that indicate the respective EC50 values. The data have been summarized in Table 2.

BIBF 1120 showed lower EC50 values against the growth of SYO-1, YaFuSS, and HS-SY-2 cell lines than against the other sarcoma cell lines (Figure 5, Table 2). The common molecular backgrounds of SYO-1, YafuSS, and HS-SY-2 cells are therefore worth investigating in comparison with those of the other sarcoma cell lines studied. The molecular backgrounds shared among the three cell lines may include biomarkers for use in companion diagnostics. Our results show that a possible indication for BIBF 1120 is synovial sarcoma. However, sarcoma cell lines that were not used in this study are also worth investigating.

BI 860585 exhibited similar EC50 values among the 20 sarcoma cell lines (Figure 5, Table 2). Activation of the mTOR pathway and its possible utility for novel therapy have been reported in studies on osteosarcoma [44], synovial sarcoma [45], rhabdomyosarcoma [46], and Ewing sarcoma [47]. Our data may support the indication of mTOR inhibitors for those sarcomas; however, BI 860585 is worth investigating for its inhibitory effects on other sarcoma cell lines.

BI 836845 showed the lowest EC50 values against two Ewing sarcoma cell lines (RD-ES and W-ES); however, the EC50 values against the A673 cell line exceeded the calculation limit in this study (Figure 5, Table 2). The IGF-1R pathway has been considered as a target for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma [48,49]. We observed that the inhibitory effects of BI 836845 on the viability of the Ewing sarcoma cells were consistent with those stated in previous reports. To explore the possible mechanisms responsible for the different responses of the RD-ES, W-ES, and A673 cell lines to the BI 836845 treatment, we compared the expression levels of IGF-1, IGF-2, and IGF-1R in those three cell lines. Using the publically available DNA microarray data, we found that the expression level of IGF-1R was lowest in the A673 cells (Figure 6). Cao et al. have reported that the antiproliferative activity of anti-IGF-1R antibody is positively correlated with the level of IGF-1R in rhabdomyosarcoma cells [50]. The expression level of IGF-1R may therefore be a candidate predictive biomarker for the prognoses of sarcomas treated with BI 836845. However, this hypothesis should be tested using various cell lines with different IGF-1R expression levels. In addition, the cell lines should respond differently to treatment with BI 836845.

Figure 6. Expression levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in Ewing sarcoma cell lines.

Conclusions

We examined the antiproliferative effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 against 20 sarcoma cell lines. Our results indicate that BIBF 1120 may preferentially inhibit the growths of synovial sarcoma cell lines, BI 860585 may have inhibitory effects on the viabilities of sarcoma cells with different histological features, BI 836845 may have specific antiproliferative effects in Ewing sarcoma, and IGF-1R may be a predictive biomarker for sarcomas. However, studies on the molecular backgrounds of the responses of the cell lines to the three treatments are worth conducting for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against sarcomas.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by a research grant provided by Boehringer Ingelheim.

Conflict of interest

This study was performed in collaboration with Boehringer Ingelheim.

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Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

Ivan Gout
University College London

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received date: August 10, 2016
Accepted date: August 23, 2016
Published date: August 26, 2016

Copyright

©2016 Takai Y. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Takai Y (2016) Antitumor activities of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 in preclinical models of sarcoma. Integr Mol Med 3: DOI: 10.15761/IMM.1000239.

Corresponding author

Tadashi Kondo

Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan, Tel: +81 3 3542 2511 (ex 3003), Fax: +81 3 3547 5298

E-mail : takondo@ncc.go.jp

Table 1. Summary of the cell lines used in the study

Sarcoma type

Name of cell line

Cell culture medium

Provider of cell line

Cells/well

Osteosarcoma

143B

α

A

2 × 103

MG63

α

A

2 × 103

SJSA-1

α

C

4 × 103

U2OS

α

C

5 × 103

HS-OS-1

α

A

2 × 103

HuO 9N2

γ

A

5 × 103

HuO 3N1

γ

B

5 × 103

NOS-10

α

A

1 × 103

HOS

α

A

4 × 103

MNNG-HOS

α

C

1 × 103

Synovial sarcoma

SYO-1

β

D

5 × 103

1273/99

β

E

5 × 103

YaFuSS

β

F

1 × 104

HS-SY-2

β

A

1.2 × 104

Rhabdomyosarcoma

KYM-1

γ

B

2 × 103

SJCRH30

γ

C

8 × 103

RD

γ

B

5 × 103

Ewing sarcoma

A673

α

C

2 × 103

RD-ES

γ

C

4 × 103

W-ES

γ

G

6 × 103

α: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)

β: DMEM low glucose (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA)

γ: Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich)

All the media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin G, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich).

A: RIKEN BRC Cell Bank (Ibaraki, Japan)

B: Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank (Osaka, Japan)

C: American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA)

D: Dr. A. Kawai (National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan)

E: Dr. O. Larsson (Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden)

F: Dr. J. Toguchida (Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan)

G: Dr. Y. Fujii (Hamamatsu University, School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan)

Table 2. Summary of half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 against sarcoma cell lines

Sarcoma subtype

Name of cell lines

EC50 (μM)

BIBF 1120

BI 860585

BI 836845

Osteosarcoma

14

2.7

0.11

>10

MG63

3.7

0.04

>10

SJSA-1

3.3

0.40

>10

U2OS

2.8

0.36

>10

HS-OS-1

2.6

0.03

>10

HuO 9N2

5.7

0.49

>10

HuO 3N1

3.4

0.08

>10

NOS-10

2.3

0.05

>10

HOS

3.1

0.39

>10

MNNG-HOS

2.7

0.07

>10

Synovial sarcoma

SYO-1

0.41

0.15

>10

1273/99

5.4

0.33

>10

YaFuSS

0.7

0.13

8.83

HS-SY-2

0.33

0.04

6.67

Rhabdomyosarcoma

KYM-1

3.4

0.07

>10

SJCRH30

3.8

0.52

>10

RD

3.1

0.24

>10

Ewing sarcoma

A673

3.5

0.18

>10

RD-ES

6.7

0.08

0.02

W-ES

5.9

0.06

0.19

Table 3.  mRNA expression data of the Ewing sarcoma cell lines

A673

ArrayExpress

E-MTAB-37

Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array

A-673_SS271873_HG-U133_Plus_2_HCHP-167936_.CEL

RD-ES

GEO

GSE8596

Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array

GSM213308

W-ES

GEO

GSE8596

Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array

GSM213312

Figure 1. Dose response curves showing the inhibitory effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 on osteosarcoma cell lines.

Figure 2. Dose response curves showing the inhibitory effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 on synovial sarcoma cell lines.

Figure 3. Dose response curves showing the inhibitory effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 on rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines.

Figure 4. Dose response curves showing the inhibitory effects of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 on Ewing sarcoma cell lines.

Figure 5. Half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of BIBF 1120, BI 860585, and BI 836845 against 20 subtypes of sarcoma cell lines. The different colors correspond to numerical data that indicate the respective EC50 values. The data have been summarized in Table 2.

Figure 6. Expression levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in Ewing sarcoma cell lines.