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Abstract

Serological survey to determine the prevalence of Mccp and PPRV in small ruminants was carried out in Northern Cameroon. Sera from 500 animals comprising of 300 goats and 200 sheep were obtained from 131 flocks, within (13) localities and tested for the presence of antibodies against Mycoplsma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp) and peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) using blocking-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (B-ELISA), compliment fixation test (CFT) and competitive enzymes linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) respectively. A total of 50(16.7%) and 30(10%) goat sera tested were positive to Mccp antigen using CFT and B-ELISA respectively and 73 (24.3%) were positive to PPR-virus antigen using C-ELISA. While 83(41.5%) of the sheep sera reacted positively to PPRV antigen using C-ELISA and none of the sheep sera tested positive to Mccp using CFT. The prevalence was generally highest with PPRV infections only (46%) followed by Mccp only (34%) combined infection with Mccp and PPRV (14%). However, no evidence of co infection was found in sheep, the highest prevalence of infection (98%) was noted to be PPRV only. In this study CFT was found to be more sensitive but less specific than B-ELISA in the detection of antibodies to Mccp. The use of C-ELISA for the detection of antibodies to PPRV was found to be more sensitive than the B-ELISA for detection of Mccp. The difference in the degree of homologous reaction to PPRV-N-Protein among the two species was statistically significant (P<0.05) was highest in sheep. Analysis of Geometrical mean titre (GMT) and mean percentage inhibition (MPI) of antibodies revealed consistently higher titre analysis of antibodies to PPRV (65) in goat and in sheep (80). Further analysis of serological profiles for the circulation of these respiratory pathogens revealed high values in locations closed and /or shared geographical boundary with sahelian zone of Nigeria and the period also the neighboring countries were these diseases are endermic also coincided with the peak harmattan period usually characterized by dry, dusty whether in this zone of the country. It is therefore suggested that cold dry, dusty climate of sudano-sahelian savannah could be a significant role as an extrinsic epidemiological determinant in the establishment of PPRV and Mccp infections among small ruminants population in northern province of Cameroon. There is therefore the need to embark on mass vaccination against PPRV. Also, the need to impose strict quarantine measures as well as the practice of testing and slaughter of animals imported from Mccp endermic areas into northern Cameroon for breeding, are suggested to prevent both introduction and further spread of this disease into the country.

Key words

peste des petites ruminants virus (PPRV); mycoplasma capricolum subsp., capripneumoniae; (Mccp), small ruminants; northern cameroon;

Introduction

Small ruminants are very important domestic animal in tropical livestock production both for subsistence and economic development of the African continent. The subsistence sector pastoralist often depends on them for much of their livelihood [1,2]. They provide a flow of essential food products throughout the year, they also sustain the employment and income of millions of people in many rural areas of the world including Cameroon, where the small ruminants population in the far-north and Northern provinces were estimate to be 3,770,838 representing 2,620,69.6 goat and 1,150,142 sheep [3]. The two province have the highest population of small ruminant in the country representing 54.5% and 55.2% of goats and sheep in the far-north and 14.5% and 11.6% of goats and sheep respectively in the North Province [4].

In Cameroon, small ruminant is kept as source of capital [4]. They contribute energy and manure for Crop Production and are the only food and cash security available to many Africans [5]. In addition to their significant contribution to rural income, they contribute a substantial proportion of the nation’s meat supply [6-8] as well as in ceremonial feasting. Annual report on meat and milk consumption per individual in Cameroon indicate an estimated of 12.2 kg and 11.6 litre of meat and milk consumption per annum respectively. Out of which goats and sheep meat account for 1.7 kg [4].

In spites of the economic importance of small ruminant a major constraint to their increased production in Africa has been the occurrence of infectious diseases, including respiratory disease in most part of the continent [9]. Among such disease are Mccp, PPRV and Pasteurella multocida [4,7,8,10]. Previous retrospective survey carried out in the study area have consistently revealed high mortality rates among small ruminants predominantly due to problems associated with pulmonary disease [4]. PPRV infection continues to be the most important single major cause of small ruminant disease with mortalities of over 50% [11-14].

In addition, analysis of specimens collected from slaughtered animal during routine examination at Garoua abattoir (in the north-province) yielded several respiratory pathogens including Mycoplasmas capricolum (Mcc), Pasteurella multocida and PPRV [15-17]. Mycoplasmas was reported to have been the major cause of economic losses in goat population in at least 30 countries in Africa and Asia containing a total goat population of more than 300 million [18,19]. The extent of the activity of these respiratory pathogens among small ruminant in the study area have not be adequately investigated, this study was designed to assess the prevalence of PPRV and Mccp infections among the small ruminant producing areas of far-north and north provinces of Cameroon, for better understanding of their effective control in the study areas.

Materials and methods

Study area

The study was carried out in thirteen (13) localities in the far-north and north province of Cameroon republic where the majority of the livestock population are owned and reared by nomads. Those locations in the north province include: Adoumri, Denbo, Jalingo, Kismatori, Nassaroa, Biddzar and Guilder there are characterized by a classic Sudanese tropical climate and the vegetation is made up of windy grassland, and sudano-sahelian savannah on the other hand the far-north include: mayo-lone, Djamgliya, Koza and Mare are characterized by a tropical climate of moderate sahara type and the vegetation is mainly composed of thorny bush on sometimes rocky soils.

Animal and sampling procedure

A total of 500 blood samples were collected from 300 indigenes goats and 200 sheep from 131 flocks. Randomly selected from the two provinces (Northern and Far-north) in Cameroon republic. Samples were obtained by venipuncture from the every 5^th animal in a flock under semi intensive system of animal husbandry. The sera were separated from the clotted blood sample by centrifugation at 700 x g for ten minutes then preserved at -20^oC until tested.

Antigen control sera compliment and haemolytic system: the antigen used in this study include: inactivated Mccp derived from the reference F38 strain kindly supply by CIRAD-EMUT. Mouse monoclonal antibody (MAB) Mab “4.52” ascetic fluid against Mccp (The C-ELISA kit used in this procedure for the detection of specific anti PPRV antibody) was developed by CAMDA/OIE/EMVT and was kindly supplied by OIE. Commercially freeze-dried guinea pig C produced by Biomerieux ref. 72122 was used. The haemolytic system was prepared by adding equal volume of 3% meshed sieve nuts 1:700 diluted haemolytic serum.

CFT

The modified microtitre techniques described by O.I.E., 1996 was used in this work with minor modifications. 25ml of 2folds dilution serum which has been decomplimented at 56⁰C for 30 minutes. Sample were treated against optimum dilution of the antigen and controlled individually. Readings were recorded at titres corresponding to the highest dilution that fixed 50% of C’ i.e., 50% haemolysis was considered as positive.

B-ELISA AND C-ELISA

The Mccp B-ELISA was carried out as previously described by [20]. The test detects anti-Mcc antibody following addition of a mouse monoclonal antibody (MAB) into a test serum-Mcc is determined by the optical density values.

The PPRV C-ELISA described previously by [21] was used in this procedure. The test detects specific anti-PPRV antibody as the test serum depending on the binding of the Mab (the mouse Mab against PPR-virus-N protein) to a PPRV specific epitope in the presence of a positive serum. The test was performed in microtitre plate (Nunc-Immuno^TM Maxisorp®/cat: 439454) which were sensitized with PPRV reference antigen consisted of PPR virus-N protein produced in insect tissue culture cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus batch number “95-1”.

Data analysis

The statistical differences between variables were analysed using the student ‘t’ test by pair wise comparison of variable. Were appropriate, the chi-square test and ANOVA were also employed for the test of statistical significance. They were all assessed at P ≤ 0.05 level of statistical significance. 

Result

The result of the retrospective survey for the prevalence of antibodies against Mccp and PPRV in thirteen (13) localities in Northern Cameroon is summarized in Table 1.

Analysis of serological profiles for the presence of Contagious caprine pleuropnemoniae (CCPP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) showed comparable prevalence of antibody to the agents of the two diseases condition. In this study CFT (17%) was found to be more sensitive but less specific than blocking- ELISA (10%) in the detection of antibody to Mccp. Furthermore, the use of C-ELISA for the detection of antibodies to PPRV was found to be more sensitive than B-ELISA for detection of Mccp (Table 1). Analysis of the serological profile within sheep flock showed significantly higher prevalence of PPRV (42%) than Mccp (0%) among flocks studied. No antibody against Mccp was detected in the flock studied using CFT (Table 1).

Table 1. Serological test for demonstration of antibodies to PPRV and Mccp among small ruminants in Northern Cameroon

Location	Goat No. Positive/No. Tested (%)		Sheep No. Positive/No. Tested (%)
	Mccp                                      PPRV		Mccp                                      PPRV
		C-ELISA		C-ELISA
	CFT        B-ELISA		CFT        B-ELISA
Adoumri                                                                         Midre
Total                                                        50/300              30/300                                                                   (16.7)                    (10)		73/300          0/88       (24.3)              (0)		83/200       (41.5)

PPRV = Peste des petits ruminants virus

MCC = Mycoplasma Capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae

CCPP = Contagious caprine Pleuropneumoniae

NT=      Not tested

Distribution of GMT and PMI of antibodies to PPRV and Mccp shows higher titre of antibodies to PPRV (65) in goats and in sheep (80) (Table 2) were consistently detected among small ruminants tested from Nassarao which compared favorably with the pattern of antibody to Mccp in the same location (Table 2). The analysis of mixed infections among goat was significantly higher combine infection with Mccp and PPRV. The prevalence was generally highest with PPRV infection only (46%) followed by Mccp only (34%) and combined infection with PPRV and Mccp (14%) (Table 3). However, no evidence of mixed infection was found is sheep; the highest prevalence of infection (98%) was noted to be PPRV only (Table 4).

Table 2. Geometric mean titres, mean percentage inhibition of antibodies to respiratory pathogens in (Mccp, PPRV) small ruminnats in different locations studied.

Goats			Sheep
Location	PPRV	Mccp		PPRV	Mccp
	C-ELISA(MPI)*	CFT(GMT)	B-ELISA (MPI)	C-ELISA (MPI)	CFT(GMT)*
Adounmri	41.80	0	8.30	16.20	0
Bokle	60.50	32	22.0	74.50	0
Dembo	17.20	6.40	9.10	26.80	0
Djalingo	49.20	8.0	11.0	44.80	0
Djaoli	12.0	5.30	9.60	9.40	0
Kismatari	52.0	4.0	11.40	60.40	0
Nassarao	64.60	2.60	13.20	79.90	0
Bidzar	13.80	4.80	10.20	12.90	0
Guider	33.10	0	3.70	40.0	0
Mayo-loue	40.20	4.0	6.50	24.30	0
Djingliya	1.40	0	4.30	0.80	0
Koza	10.80	0	3.90	3.80	0
Midre	8.90	4.0	10.10	17.30	0

 B-ELISA >20% = Positive

C-ELISA >50%= Positive

CF-GMT > 1.4 = Positive

GMT = Geometric Mean Titre

*Geometric Mean Titre of Reciprocal of CF Antibody

MPl = Mean Percentage Inhibition

Mccp = Mycoplasma caprocolum subsp. capripneumoniae

PPRV = Peste des petites ruminants virus

Table 3. Evidence of mixed infections of respiratory pathogens in goats studied

Goats			Number/ Total Number Positive (%)
Location	Mccp/Mycoplasmosis only	PPRV only	Pasteurella infection only	Mccp  + PPRV	Mccp+ Pateurella infection	PPRV + Pasteurella infection	Mccp + Pasteurella + PPRV
Adounmri	0/6/ (10)	5/6(83.3)	1/6(16.67)	0/6(0)	0/6(0)	0/6(0)	0/6(0)
Bokle	0/2(0)	½ (50)	0/2(0)	1/ 2(50)	0/2(0)	0/2(0)	0/2(0)
Dembo	5/13(38.5)	4/13(30.8)	0/13(0)	3/13(23.1)	0/13(0)	0/13(0)	0/13(7.7)
Djalingo	1/5(20)	3/5(60.0)	0/5(0)	0/20(0)	0/5(0)	0/5(0)	0/5(0)
Djaoli	15/20(75)	0/20(0)	4/20(20.0)	0/20(0)	1/20(5)	1/20(5)	1/20(0)
Kismatari	8/22(36.4)	7/22(31.8)	0/22(0)	7/22(40.0)	0/22(0)	0/22(0)	0/22(0)
Nassarao	1/10(10)	5/10(50)	0/10(0)	4(10(40.0)	0/10(0)	0/10(0)	0/100(0)
Bidzar	4/6(66.7)	2/6(33.4)	0/6(0)	0/6(0)	0/6(0)	0/6(0)	0/6(0)
Guider	0/13(0)	13/13(100)	0/13(0)	0/13(0)	0/13(0)	0/13(0)	0/13(0)
Mayo-loue	2/13(15.4)	11/13(84.6)	0/13(0)	0	0	0	0
Djingliya	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Koza	0/4(0)	4/4(100)	0/4(0)	0/4(0)	0/4(0)	0/4(0)	0/4(0)
Midre	5/6(83.4)	0/60(0)	0/6(0)	1/6(16.7)	0/60(0)	0/60(0)	0/60(0)
Total	41/120(34.2)	55/120(45.8)	5/12(4.2)	17/120(14.2)	1/120(0.8)	0/120(0.)	1/120(0.8)

Table 4. Evidence of mixed infections of respiratory pathogens in sheep studied

Goats			Number/ Total Number Positive (%)
Location	Mccp/Mycoplasmosis only	PPRV only	Psteurella infection only	Mccp + PPRV	Mccp + Pateurella infection	PPRV + Pasteurella infection	Mccp + Pasteurella + PPRV
Adounmri	0/2(0)	1/2(50)	1/2(50)	0/2(0)	0/2(0)	0/2(0)	0/2(0)
Bokle	0/36(0)	36/36(100)	36/36(0)	0/36(0)	0/36(0)	0/36(0)	0/36(0)
Dembo	0/2(0)	1/2(50)	1/2(50)	00/2(0)	00/2(0)	00/2(0)	00/2(0)
Djalingo	0/3(0)	3/3(100)	3/3(0)	0/3(0)	0/3(0)	0/3(0)	0/3(0)
Djaoli	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Kismatari	0/10(0)	10/10(100)	10/10(0)	0/10(0)	0/10(0)	0/10(0)	0/10(0)
Nassarao	0/6(0)	6/6(100)	6/6(0)	0/60(0)	0/6(0)	0/6(0)	0/6(0)
Bidzar	0/1(0)	1/1(100)	1/60(0)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)
Guider	0/20(0)	20/20(100)	0/20(0)	0/20(0)	0/20(0)	0/20(0)	0/20(0)
Mayo-loue	0/1/(0)	1/1(100)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)
Djingliya	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Koza	0/10(0)	1/1(100)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)	0/1(0)
Midre	0/3(0)	3/3(100)	0/3(0)	0/3(0)	0/3(0)	0/3(0)	0/3(0)
Total	0/85(0)	83/85(97.7)	2/85(2.4)	0/85(0)	0/85(0)	0/85(0)	0/85(0)

There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the distribution of the total number of sheep and goat studied. However, significant difference (p<0.05) were noted between locations with the highest distributions observed among goats in Djaoli 65 (21.7%) and Dembo 41(13.7%) similarly the highest number of sheep were studied in Guider 45(22.5%) and Bokle 37(18.5%) furthermore, significance sex difference (p<0.05) were also observe among the goat and sheep population studied. The number of male breed variations were generally observed among the sheep and goats studied. The number of female were consistently higher than those of male breed variations were generally observed among the sheep and goats studied. The ‘Kirdi’ breed were consistently more in number 409(82%) than other breeds (Table 5). The age distribution of the animal studied ranged from months and above (age testes) no significant difference (p>0.05) in the distribution of different age groups of sheep and goats studied. However, significant difference (p<0.05) were noted in the age distribution among different locations in Guider animal in the age group amount to 3 years were more in number 22(85%) than those greater than 3 years 4(14%). However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the age distribution of sheep in different locations (Table 6).

Table 5. Sex and breed distribution of small ruminants in different locations studied

Table 6. Age distribution of small ruminants in different locations studies

Goats				Sheep
Location	Age group (%)			Age group (%)
	9 months -3 years	>3 years	Total	9 months -3 years	>3 years	Total
Adounmri	4(40)	6(60)	10	4(57.1)	3(42.9)	7
Bokle	2(100)	0(0)	2	18(48.7)	19(51.4)	37
Dembo	24(58.5)	17(41.5)	41	1(20.0)	4(80.0)	5
Djalingo	4(44.4)	5(55.5)	9	2(50.0)	2(50.0)	4
Djaoli	35(53.8)	30(46.2)	65	11(73.3)	4(26.7)	15
Kismatari	14(56)	11(44)	25	8(66.7)	4(33.3)	12
Nassarao	7(53.8)	6(46.2)	13	2(28.6)	5(71.4)	7
Bidzar	16/61.5)	10(38.5)	26	5(35.7)	9(64.3)	14
Guider	22(84.6)	4(15.4)	26	17(376.8)	28(62.2)	45
Mayo-loue	18(64.3)	10(35.7)	28	3(75.0)	1(25.0)	4
Djingliya	1(33.3)	2(66.7)	3	6(66.7)	3(33.3)	9
Koza	13(46.4)	15(53.6)	28	16(61.5)	10(38.5)	26
Midre	15(62.5)	9(37.5)	24	10(66.7)	5(33.3)	15
Total	175(58.3)	125(41.7)	300	103(51.5)	97(48.5)	200

Discussion

Seroepidemiological investigations carried out in the present study using different serological methods have revealed considerable activity of respiratory pathogens of CCPP and PPR. However, significant differences were observed in the relative sensitivities and specificities of the serological method used. For instance, CFT (17%) was found to be more sensitive but less specific than B-ELISA (10%) in the detection of antibody to Mccp. This observation seems to be inconsistent with previous efforts on the comparative sensitivity and specificity of CFT and ELISA techniques in serological analysis as it had been demonstrated by previous workers [22]. Generally, this study has revealed a considerable activity of PPRV among the different age groups of small ruminants in northern Cameroon. These results confirm the earlier findings which indicate the high endermicity of PPR in the study areas [7,8,13,16,23-25]. In addition, this study has also shown a higher prevalence of PPR in sheep than goats which is contrary to some previous reports [7,26-28]. Since the disease has been well documented [10,25,26,29]. The present findings could be as a result of various factors, the period of study, location and breed of small ruminants studied.

There is need to embark on a mass vaccination programme against PPR in both species. TCRV has been reported to protect small ruminants against PPRV [7,10,11,30,31]. However, the homologous vaccine against the disease was found to be more effective [23], although yearly booster vaccination may be required in order to ensure long lasting protective immunity against the PPRV infection. Both vaccines are produced commercially at LANAVET Cameroon and commonly named Bovipestrovax® and Capripestovax® respectively.

Furthermore, the present study has also revealed for the first time the occurrence of CCPP in Cameroon due to the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies Capripneumoniae (Mccp) the goat sera examined during the study. A serological survey carried out previously in the northern Cameroon had failed to sufficiently established the presence of Mccp in the study areas [15,16]. This study however had to be belief that Mccp might have been long existed in the study areas. Since introduction of new flock was not a common practice among the farmers in the study area [32]. This therefore suggest that there is high tendency to incriminate the uncontrolled animal movement between northern Cameroon and the neighboring countries in the east and west primarily with those in the east Africa were CCPP is common and Mccp has been isolate in Tchad as partly responsible for the high mortality in the study area [15,20,33].

The present study has provided preliminary data for further investigation into prevalence of CCPP in northern Cameroon including future work on serosurvelliance and attempt to isolate Mccp so as to be adequately characterized and their epidemiological role be defined as a respiratory pathogen of small ruminant in Cameroon. Beside testing and slaughtering of positive animal should be enforced to prevent further of the disease into the other regions.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge with thanks the technical and editorial assistance of Drs A. Souley, T. Thiaucourt, D. Diallo, N. Andre, N. Zoyem of LANAVET Cameroon. The senior author was an undergraduate research project student in this Virus Research Laboratory University of Maiduguri.

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