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A novel missence mutation in the transglutaminase-1 gene in an autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis patient

Azam Ahmadi Shadmehri

Department of Molecular Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

Department of Molecular Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

E-mail : bhuvaneswari.bibleraaj@uhsm.nhs.uk

Javad Tavakkoly Bazzaz

Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Mojtaba Darbouy

Department of Molecular Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar

Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

DOI: 10.15761/JIC.1000283

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Abstract

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a rare hereditary disorder of cornification. ARCI is a congenital recessive skin disorder characterized by generalized scaling and hyperkeratosis. Mutations in the transglutaminase-1 (TGM1) gene, which encodes for the epidermal enzyme transglutaminase-1, are one of the causes of ARCI. The transglutaminase 1enzyme, is critical for the assembly of the cornified cell envelope in terminally differentiating keratinocytes. In this study a nine-year old boy who presented with ARCI. The whole exome sequencing WES of transglutaminase-1 gene was investigated. The patient harbored a homozygeous mutation of C.1165T>C transition located in exon8 of TGM1 gene, resulting in the substitution of argenine by serine at amino acid position 389. The parents and one of the sibs were hetrozygeous for the variant and one was homozygeous for wild allele. The mutated allele was not found in controls. This mutation localized in this study correspond to the core catalytic core domain of enzyme, based on provean algorithm, the variant at position level was predicted to decrease TGM1 Enzyme activity by producing an unstable protein.

Key words

Transglutaminase-1 Gene, autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, hyperkeratosis

Introduction

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a clinically heterogeneous group cornification of disorder of the skin. With an incidence of an approximately 1 in 200,00 birth [1-3]. ARCI is called congenital, since it appears at birth or shortly thereafter. The major phenotypic subtype of ARCI includes lamellar ichthyosis [LI; (OMIM; 242300)] and non-bullous congenital ichthyosis form erythroderma [NBCIE; (OMIM; 242100)] [3,4].

Large darke, plate-like cutaneous scales with minimal erythema is a feature of LI patients, whereas, in NBCEI patient’s erythroderma with overlying white scales is a common feature of the disease [5-7].

While ARCI is genetically heterogeneous, with at least twelve genes known to be associated with ARCI (TGM1, ABCA12 Ich thin (known as NIPAL4), ALOX12B, ALOXE3, LIPIN, CYP4F22, ST14, CASP14, SDR9C7, SULT2B1, CERS3 and PNPLA1) [2,3,7-17]. The most common forms, approximately 30% of the heritability of ARCI is explained by mutation in the gene, encoding keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1: 190195) an enzyme involved in the formation of the cornfield envelope [18,19].

TGM1 gene is located on chromosome 14q11.2, codant for a protein with a molecular weight of 89 KD. TgM1 has 14095 bp, including 2454 bp of coding sequence, and spans15 exons (Gene bank NM-000359.2) [20,21]. TGM1 has been associated with the development of the cornfield cell envelope (CCE). Human epidermal scale and nails of ARCI patients with TGM1 mutations have shown a structurally perturbed or attenuated CEE [22]. CEE is a physical and water impermeable barrier that replaces the plasma membrane in mature skin cells. ARCI patients with TGM1 mutations have shown a structurally perturbed or attenuated CCE [18].

In this study exome sequencing applied for an Iranian ichthyosis patient, and a novel homozygous causing variant in TGM1 was identified.

Patient and methods

A nine-year-old boy suffering from ichthyosis was the proband of the study. Dry, rough scaly skin all over the body was started at birth. Clinical features include: dark areas over the elbows and knees, scaring deformity of the hands, depressed nasal bridge, non-developed ears are other signs of the disease in the proband, prominent erythroderma and fine white, superficial semi adherent scales nail dystrophy, subungual hyperkeratosis, scalp involvement and loss of eyebrows was observed in the proband in clinical examination. Proband was the yield of first cuisine marriage, the two other children of the parents were normal, and the mother has been experienced a miscarriage.

Whole exome sequencing WES has been used extensively to diagnosis novel disease and find novel causative mutations for known disease phenotypes. In this issue WES is investigated. After taking informed consent, 5 ml peripheral blood sample were drowned from patient and other members of the family. DNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes by BIOGENT, Korean DNA extraction kit for WES using the Maxwell RSC instrument (standard instrument protocol). DNA fragments containing targeted coding sequences were captured using the seqcapEZ Med exome target enrichment kit and sequenced on the illumine Hiss equation 2500 platform. The resulting sequence was analyzed for single nucleotide variants and small insertion and deletions differing from the reference genome (human genome 19 (HG 19). In this study the mutations affected the predominant gene that causes ARCI encoding keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1) investigated.

Results and Discussion

Clinical characterization of affected individual included a dry rough scaly skin all the body with dark area over the elbow diagnosed as nonbullous congenital ichthyosis form erythroderma (NCIE). A form of the autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis ARCI. ARCI is a heterogeneous group of congenital keratinization disorders [15,23,24]. The most common Causes of ARCI are the mutations in TGM1, that encodes Transaminase-1 enzyme [18].

To date, more than 115 various mutations in the TGM1 gene in 234 unrelated patients from different racial/ethnic backgrounds have been reported and the common type of the mutation is missense. The most common reported mutations in north America and Norouch patients was the c.877-2 A>G [18].

In this paper, the clinical and molecular aspects of ARCI have been investigated in patients from Iran. The proband showed the typical features of ARCI.

Molecular finding showed a novel missense variant c.1165C>T; p. Arg389Ser in TGM1 in proband. A novel pathogenic variant in exon 8. Sanger sequencing was performed for DNA samples of other members of the family. The variant was not found in 1000 genomes project, NCBI db SNP human build, NCBI clinvar db, exome aggregation consortium v.0.3.1. (Exac), Human gene mutation db (HGMD), and NHLBI exome sequencing project.

Homozygous state of c.1165 C>T was observed in the proband, parents and one of the sibs were heterozygous for the variant and one sib was homozygous for wild allele (Figure 1). The mutated allele was not found in 100 controls. In silico analysis was done by mutation taster 2.0 and FATHMM MKL coding prediction tools and the effect of the variant on protein was evaluated by Poly-phen 2.0, SIFT and PROVEN online soft- wares. Variant calling was done according to American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines. The outcome effect is substitution of Arginine by serine in position 389 of the protein, a highly conserved position. Based on conservation scores this novel variant is probably damaging. Substitution of Arginine by serine can cause great effect on protein configuration by loss of one positive charge, because serine is a neutral amino acid, in addition serine is smaller than

Figure 1. A, The Sanger sequencing result of proband. The variant (c.1165 C>T; p.R389C) is shown by an arrow. The affected member (II-2) Is homozygous for the variant, and both parents are heterozygous. B, Family pedigree showing one affected boy. Proband is shown by an arrow.

Arginine in size. It seems that Arginine in position 389 play an important role, two missense mutations in this site have been reported by Akima (p.R389H) and Shevchenkov (p. R389P) in ARCI patients [24,25]. Also, the variant p.R389H in compound heterozygous state with p.R307W in TGM1 has been reported as ARCI causing [26].

In protein level, p.R389C decreases the TGM1 enzyme activity by producing an unstable protein, based on PROVEAN prediction software [18,27]. From the mutational analysis investigated by WES, the proband was confirmed to be a homozygeous c>t transition at position 1165 in the exon 8 region with genotype Missence.Arg of TGM1 gene. The origin wild type residue and novely introduced mutant residue often differ in these properties. The mutant residue (ser.) is smaller than the wild-type residue (Arg.) that the wild-type residue charge is positive while the mutant residue charge is neutral. Sequential arrangement of the domain structure of transglutaminase reveal that the novel mutation localized in this study correspond to the core catalytic domain of this enzyme. The core catalytic domain started at amino acid positioned in 224 to end 577 area. The previous study defined some other mutations in the exone 8 (Table 1) were in the catalytic core domain [18,28]. Definitive and interpretation of the effects of these mutations on the catalytic functions of the TGM1 protein cannot be provided, owing to lack of good models. However, based on provean algoritm, the variant (p. Arg389Cys) at the protein level was predicted to decrease TGM1 enzyme activity by producing an unstable protein.

Table 1. The TGMA1 gene mutations in the exone 8 associated with core catalytic domain.

Nucleotide change NM
000359.2

Amino acid change NP
000350

References

C.1213c>A

p.His405Asn

Herman et al.

C.1223-1227del.ACACA

p.Asp408valfs×21

Herman et al.

C.1261A>G

p.Met421Val

Herman et al.

C.1165C.T

p.Arg389His

Herman et al.

C.G>T

p.Arg395Leu

Laiho et al.

P.Arg389Pro

Laiho et al.

P.Gly392Asp

Laiho et al.

P.Arg395Leu

Laiho et al.

C.918C>G

p.Asp306Glu

Pigget al.

C.1094A>G

p.Tyr365Cys.

Pigget al.

C.1163T>C

p.Leu.388Pro.

Pigget al.

C.1389A>T

p.Gln463His

Pigget al.

C.1483A>T

p.Ile480Phe

Pigget al.

C.1165C>T

p.Arg389Ser

This report

Conclusion

In conclusion our study revealed one mutation in the TGM1 gene in an Iranian patient. This mutation is a novel variant missence (c.1165C>T) and may also be prevalent among Iranian populations. The results are useful for genetic counseling in the pedigree and applicable for preventing disease recurrence via preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

References

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Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

Massimo Fioranelli
Guglielmo Marconi University

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received: January 21, 2020
Accepted: February 12, 2020
Published: February 20, 2020

Copyright

©2020 Shadmehri AA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Shadmehri AA, Bazzaz JT, Darbouy M, Tabatabaiefar MA (2020) A novel missence mutation in the transglutaminase-1 gene in an autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis patient. J Integr Cardiol. 6. DOI: 10.15761/JIC.1000283

Corresponding author

Azam Ahmadi Shadmehri

Department of Molecular Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

E-mail : bhuvaneswari.bibleraaj@uhsm.nhs.uk

Figure 1. A, The Sanger sequencing result of proband. The variant (c.1165 C>T; p.R389C) is shown by an arrow. The affected member (II-2) Is homozygous for the variant, and both parents are heterozygous. B, Family pedigree showing one affected boy. Proband is shown by an arrow.

Table 1. The TGMA1 gene mutations in the exone 8 associated with core catalytic domain.

Nucleotide change NM
000359.2

Amino acid change NP
000350

References

C.1213c>A

p.His405Asn

Herman et al.

C.1223-1227del.ACACA

p.Asp408valfs×21

Herman et al.

C.1261A>G

p.Met421Val

Herman et al.

C.1165C.T

p.Arg389His

Herman et al.

C.G>T

p.Arg395Leu

Laiho et al.

P.Arg389Pro

Laiho et al.

P.Gly392Asp

Laiho et al.

P.Arg395Leu

Laiho et al.

C.918C>G

p.Asp306Glu

Pigget al.

C.1094A>G

p.Tyr365Cys.

Pigget al.

C.1163T>C

p.Leu.388Pro.

Pigget al.

C.1389A>T

p.Gln463His

Pigget al.

C.1483A>T

p.Ile480Phe

Pigget al.

C.1165C>T

p.Arg389Ser

This report