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Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a chronic medical condition, which needs an adequate management. The patients' adherence with a proper medication of hypertension is the key factor to control hypertension and to reduce the associated complications. However, poor adherence to the antihypertensive drugs is a worldwide problem, which is responsible for adverse health outcomes and thus, increases different health complexities along with health management costs. Here we aim to identify the associated factors of medication adherence among the hypertensive patients in Nepal.

Methods: We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Nepal from September 2016 to November 2016. We collected data of 260 hypertensive patients who are in medication of hypertension for at least 1 year. Data was collected by interview method and the medication adherence was measured by the three questions that were developed following the Morisky-Green test (MG) and Wong et al.

Results: Good adherence with medication was observed in 51.9% of the 260-hypertensive patients. Female patients (57%) were found to be more likely to adhere to their medication regime, compared to their male counterparts (47%). Multivariate logistic regression indicates that married patients were twice as likely (95% CI: 1.01–4.46; P < 0.05) to adhere, compared to single or divorced patients. It also appeared that the patients who were taking medication for more than 10 years are 54% less likely to be compliant compared to the hypertensive patients who were on medication less than 10 years (OR=0.46). Availability of the antihypertensive drugs near the house (within 1 km) is important to reduce the poor adherence (OR=3.10, CI: 1.68-5.87).

Conclusion: Adherence levels were higher in married hypertensive patients who are having medication for less than 10 years. Availability of the hypertensive medication near the house (<1 km) is also important to reduce the non-adherence on hypertensive medication.

Key words

medication adherence, hypertension, cross-sectional study, Nepal

Introduction

Control of blood pressure is a continuous approach to prevent the occurrence of any adverse health outcomes like coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke and premature death [1]. Though safe and effective drugs are available, the management of hypertension is still far from optimal which is mostly reasoned for the poor medication adherence [2]. Medication adherence can be characterized as how much the patient complies with the medication, dietary and behavioral changes. Poor adherence is especially common among the hypertensive patients. Existing research shows that in several European countries less than 60 % of treated hypertensive subjects have an adherence to their treatment over 80% [3,4]. In surveys, poor-adherence was also found 53.4% in Malaysia [2] and 41% in Bangladesh among the hypertensive patients [5].

Patients’ adherence to the prescribed antihypertensive medication is an important factor in achieving blood pressure targets. No matter how efficaciously the clinician communicates the benefits of antihypertensive therapy, patients are responsible for taking their medications. Poor adherence to antihypertensive medication is likely to be a major contributor to medication failure, which may result in more visits to healthcare professionals, additional medication switches, dose escalations, and even hospitalization [6,7]. It is estimated that approximately 50% of patients in a general hypertensive population do not take their antihypertensive medication as prescribed [8,9]. Therefore, improving adherence to prescribed drug regimens in this population remains a major challenge to the treating physician.

Non-communicable diseases are sweeping with an increasing trend in Nepal and hypertension is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases [10]. Till now, we have not found any study has been conducted to identify the associated factors of non-adherence with the anti-hypertensive medication in Nepal. But numerous epidemiological and prospective studies were conducted in different countries, which have demonstrated that hypertension which remains untreated for many years or is unsuccessfully treated for reasons such as poor adherence and adherence of the patient may lead to severe health problems like stroke, cognitive impairment etc. Therefore, it is important to find the factors associated with the poor-adherence in anti-hypertensive medication. The study will help to take necessary steps to the management of hypertension with the method of the medication.

Methods

The data

The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional survey, and we collected data from the Kathmandu University Dhulikhel Hospital of Nepal, which is located 30 km away from Kathmandu Valley (Capital city of Nepal). From the history of patient’s profile, we found 260 hypertensive patients, who were suffering for at least six months, and were prescribed for medications to control hypertension. All the participants gave their informed consent to participate in the study and were informed of their right to withdraw from it at any time.

Adherence with medication

Wong et al. portrayed that the medication consistency when medical or health advice corresponds with the individual's conduct as the utilization of medication prescribed changes in the way of life, and participation in therapeutic arrangements [11]. The Morisky et al. described the treatment compliance as far as four things coded as "yes" or "no" [12]. These things identify with not taking medications because of carelessness, forgetfulness, feeling better, or feeling worse. Morisky et al. [12] emphasized on forgetting taking medication to define the medication adherence, which can be improved by a reminder from family members. We measured the adherence by asking three questions in a self-reported adherence test following the Morisky-Green test (MG) and Wong et al. Hossain and Mithila also included these three questions in their study [5]. The three questions include: (1) whether the patient continues with the medicine, (2) whether the patient continues with regular clinic attendance, and (3) whether the patient get social support from family members or friends who were concerned about the respondent’s hypertension or who were helpful in reminding the respondent about taking medication [11,12]. The first question on medication adherence is categorized as: “adherence: yes” (where the respondent ‘never misses’ or ‘rarely misses’ to take his/her medication doses); and “adherence: no” (where the respondent ‘regularly’ or ‘fairly regularly’ misses to take his/her medication). All the questions counted as score 1. Among these three queries, we defined the adherence with medication as “yes” if an individual is found with a total score of two including a positive response to the first question.

Independent variables

A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to obtain patient’s information on sex, age, height, weight, schooling, marital status, occupation (day-labor, employed, unemployed), number of family members (≤ 4, >4), average monthly family income (<50000 Nepalese rupee or ≥ 50000), living house (own or rent), living area (urban or rural). Questions on other health related problems (yes or no), family history of hypertension (yes or no), duration of hypertension, smoking habit (yes or no), duration of high blood pressure, number of antihypertensive drugs, exercise habit, average daily sleep duration and availability of drugs near to house (within 1 km) were also included. Age was calculated in years from the date of births, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated from the height and weight. The BMI was categorized as normal (BMI: 18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI: 25-29.9) and obese (BMI ≥ 30). The duration of anti-hypertensive medication was categorized as ≤ 1 years, 2–3 years and ≥ 4 years. Sleep duration was assessed by the question, “How many hours each day do you spend sleeping?” Sleep duration was categorized as short sleep duration (<6 h) and normal sleep duration (≥ 6 h).

Statistical analysis

We analyzed the data using software R. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all of the variables, including continuous variables (presented as boxplots) and categorical variables (presented as frequencies). We did the chi-square test to evaluate the unadjusted association between each of categorical variables and medication adherence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to get the odds ratios of factors with medication adherence. The results were reported by odds ratios (ORs) and corresponded 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval for the study protocol was obtained from the North South University Review Committee, Dhaka (NSU-PBH-EA-1032) and Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel Hospital and written informed consents were obtained from all the participants.

Results

Among 260 hypertensive patients, there were 132 male and 128 female patients included in the study. The baseline characteristics of the participants, such as sex, age, marital status, schooling, occupation, average monthly income, living area, smoking history, alcohol consumption, duration of anti-hypertensive medication, presence of other chronic complications, number of drugs used for hypertension, duration of sleep, exercise, availability of hypertensive drugs near to house are described in Table 1. It appears that female (57%) had higher prevalence of adherence with medication compared to male (47%), though the difference is not significant at 5% significance level. The patients who live in rented house and who belong to the poor family monthly income group (less than 50000 Nepalese rupee) are found more compliant with the antihypertensive medication. Besides, the patients who were above 60 years of age are more noncompliant compared to the patients who were in less than 50 years and 50 to 59 years old age groups (Table 2).

Table 1: Participant characteristics by medication adherence and unadjusted analysis.

Variables	Categories	Adherence Level		χ2 Value	p-value
		No	Yes
Sex	F	55	73 (57%)	2.247	0.133
	M	70	62 (47%)
Age	<50	30	40 (57%)	3.715	0.156
	50-59	32	43 (57%)
	60+	63	52 (45%)
BMI	Normal	63	72 (53%)	1.934	0.38
	Overweight	44	51 (54%)
	Obese	18	12 (40%)
Marital Status	Divorced/ Widowed	30	21 (51%)	2.424	0.119
	Married	95	114 (55%)
Schooling	≤ 5 Years	51	53 (51%)	0.016	0.899
	5+ Years	74	82 (53%)
Occupation	Day Labor	46	62 (57%)	4.528	0.103
	Employed	47	52 (53%)
	Unemployed	32	21 (40%)
Monthly Income	<50000 rupee	92	105 (53%)	0.41	0.521
	≥ 50000 rupees	33	30 (48%)
Living House	Own	112	107 (49%)	4.475	0.034
	Rent	13	28 (68%)
Living Area	Rural	49	56 (53%)	0.061	0.804
	Urban	76	79 (51%)
Current Smoking Status	No	64	76 (54%)	0.488	0.484
	Yes	61	59 (49%)
Current Alcohol Consumption	No	74	84 (53%)	0.13805	0.71
	Yes	51	51 (50%)
Duration of Medication	5-Jan	25	36 (59%)	4.796	0.09
	10-Jun	48	60 (56%)
	≥ 11	52	38 (42%)
Other Chronic Complications	No	50	60 (55%)	0.757	0.684
	Yes	75	75 (50%)
No. of Drugs/ day	2-Jan	45	53 (54%)	0.172	0.679
	2+	80	82 (51%)
Sleep Hour	Normal	93	102 (52%)	0.005	0.942
	Short	32	33 (50%)
Availability of drugs near house (<1 km)	No	50	27 (35%)	11.51	<0.001
	Yes	75	108 (59%)

We fit a multivariable logistic regression model with medication adherence levels after adjusting all the factors. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) including the confidence intervals are given in Table 2. It appears that male patients are 40% less likely to be adherent to the anti-hypertensive medication compared to the female group (OR=0.60, CI=0.33-1.10). In addition, we found married patients were twice more likely to be adherent compared to the divorced or widowed patients (OR=2.09, CI=1.01-4.46). The p-value of marital status is found to be 0.05, which indicates it is a significant variable at 5% significance level. It appears that employed patients had poor adherence to the anti-hypertensive medication compared to the unemployed patients (OR=1.96, CI=0.80-4.90). It is to remember that most unemployed patients were housewives and therefore most housewives were less likely to take antihypertensive medications. The patients, who were living in the rent house were 2.60 times more likely to have adherence with medication compared to the patients who lived in own house (OR= 2.60, CI=1.11-6.34). The patients who were having the antihypertensive medication more than 10 years were 54% less likely to have adherence compared to the new patients of 1-5 years (OR=0.46, CI=0.18-1.11). It also appears that the availability of the antihypertensive medication with 1 km is important for the patients. The patients who had the drugstore near the house (within 1 km) were 3.10 times more likely to have good adherence with the medications (OR=3.10, CI=1.68-5.87).

Table 2. Adjusted relationships between covariates and medication adherence that is analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. OR odds ratio: LCL 95% lower confidence limit of OR; UCL 95% upper confidence limit of OR.

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Variables	References	Estimate	OR	LCL	UCL	p-value
Sex- Male	Female	-0.508	0.6	0.33	1.1	0.099
Age 50-59	<50	0.404	1.5	0.7	3.25	0.301
Age 60+	<50	0.14	1.15	0.5	2.62	0.737
BMI – Overweight	Normal	-0.097	1.1	0.6	2.03	0.754
BMI – Obese	Normal	-0.676	0.51	0.19	1.3	0.164
Marital Status- Married	Divorced/ Widowed	0.738	2.09	1.01	4.46	0.05
Schooling-  >5 years	≤ 5 Years	-0.289	0.75	0.39	1.44	0.386
Occupation – Employed	Unemployed	-0.673	1.96	0.8	4.9	0.144
Occupation – Day Labor	Unemployed	1.148	3.15	1.33	7.75	0.01
Monthly Income >=50000	<50000	-0.284	0.75	0.38	1.46	0.479
Living House-Rent	Own	0.955	2.6	1.11	6.34	0.031
Living Area – Urban	Rural	-0.284	0.76	0.38	1.47	0.406
Current Smoking – Yes	No	-0.154	0.86	0.46	1.58	0.621
Alcohol Consumption – Yes	No	0.054	1.06	0.58	1.94	0.859
Duration of Medication- 6-10 Years	5-Jan	-0.413	0.66	0.31	1.39	0.281
Duration of Medication- 10+ Years	5-Jan	-0. 786	0.46	0.18	1.11	0.087
Other Chronic Complications- Yes	No	-0.139	0.87	0.39	1.93	0.731
No. of Drugs/ day - 1-2	2+	-0.113	0.89	0.4	1.98	0.78
Sleep Hour – Short	Normal	0.053	1.05	0.55	2.04	0.872
Availability of drugs near house– (<1 km)	(≥ 1 km)	1.132	3.1	1.68	5.87	<0.001

Discussion

Medication adherence is an important characteristic for hypertensive patients to control the blood pressure. This study found a very high percentage of poor adherence (52%) among the Nepalese hypertensive patients. This means that for many hypertensive patients, medication adherence needs to be improved. This result is close to what has been reported from Malaysia (53.4%) [2], Taiwan (47.5%) [13] and Bangladesh (41%) [5].

In this study, divorced or widowed patients who were living in an owned house, having the antihypertensive medications for more than 10 years and the availably of the drugs was not within 1 km have a statistically significant association with poor adherence of medication (P<0.05) in multivariate logistic regression. The marital status was also found as an associated factor from the study in Bangladesh [5]. We didn’t find age as a significant variable but the odds ratio suggests that the patients with the age-group between 50 and 59 years are 1.50 times more likely to have good adherence with the medication compared to the younger age group (<50 Years). The results are found consistent from the study in United Kingdom [15]. It appears that patients have good adherence, as the patients get older.

It can be noticed that poor adherence was not influenced by sex or by the schooling. But it appeared that male patients had poor adherence compared to the female patients. We have not found any behavioral factors that have any association with the poor adherence of the antihypertensive medications. It was also demonstrated in this study that availability of the antihypertensive medications is important to reduce the prevalence of poor adherence.

Conclusion

More than half of the hypertensive patients were found to have poor adherence, which negatively affect blood pressure control. This means that for many hypertensive patients, medication adherence needs to be improved. Developing intervention programs to address some of the factors identified is necessary to improve adherence and, in turn, to improve blood pressure control. These findings may be used to identify the subset of population at risk of poor adherence who should be targeted for interventions to achieve better blood pressure control and hence prevent complications.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they do not have any con?ict of interest. The North South University has played the vital role in the design of this study, analysis, and interpretation of data and writing the manuscript.

Authors’ contributions

VS participated in study conception, design and data collection. ZF and FR reviewed the manuscript and helped to draft the manuscript. AH contributed in study conception, design, performed statistical analysis and draft the manuscript. All authors approved of the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

All the authors acknowledge Dhulikhal Hospital and all the participants for providing information to conduct the study.

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