Introduction: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a measure of skeletal muscle function. There is a correlation between the progression of heart failure (HF) and handgrip reduction.
Objective: to stablish the association between HGS, mortality and hospitalization rates at 18 months follow up in patients with HF.
Methods: a prospective, cohort study, was performed in HF patients belonging to the 2015 FORCE study. They were followed up for 18 months to determine the rate of hospitalization and death in relation to their basal HGS, NYHA functional class and ejection fraction.
Results: 95 out of 120 patients enrolled in the 2015 FORCE study were included. Seventeen patients had died, finding a mortality rate of 17.8%. The remaining 78 patients were followed up for 18 months. The frequency of hospitalization was 78%. In the bivariate analysis higher mortality risk was found in patients with low HGS, RR 2.9 IC 95% (1.11-7.59). This behavior was also observed in patients with NYHA functional class III and IV, in whom, lower HGS was associated with higher risk of mortality, RR 2.42 IC 95% (1.07-5.45).
In the multivariate model a significant association was found between the global functional class and mortality, with HR 2.63 IC 95% (1.4–4.94), being more significant in men. Regarding hospitalization, the mean HGS was lower in hospitalized women vs those who did not present the outcome (18 kg/f vs 22 kg/f p0.0261).
Conclusions: HGS in patients with HF has a significant correlation with NYHA functional class, mortality and hospitalization rates. Its measurement could be a useful tool to increase the detection of patients with advanced HF.
elderly, heart failure, handgrip strength, dynamometer, sarcopenia, mortality, hospitalization
It is well known that patients with HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) have lower survival rates. LVEF under 20 per cent is usually associated with poor survival rates [1]. Few risk scales have tried predicting mortality risk, among them are: the Seattle Score (SHFM) [2], the Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS) [3], and more recently the model HF-ACTION that includes as main prognostic variables exercise duration in the cardiopulmonary exercise testing, blood urea nitrogen levels, body mass index and female sex [4].
Handgrip strength (HGS) has been known to be a good indicator of muscle strength in general and predictor of mortality in adults, older adults and patients with other diseases [5,6]. In patients with coronary heart disease, handgrip is usually reduced with age. It is lower in women, and it provides valuable information as a predictor of function of elderly patients with heart disease [7].
Previous reports of studies performed in Japanese patients with HF have shown HGS is associated with mortality even after long term follow up. Handgrip measurement with cut-off values of 32,3 kg, seems to be a simple, practical tool to predict mortality in patients with HF, and it could be even better than variables such as LVEF and pKVO2 [8].
The FORCE study was an analytical, cross sectional study that included 120 patients with HF belonging to the outpatient clinic of the Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL) in 2015. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with chronic HF were described, as well as HGS and its association with the New York´s Heart Association (NYHA) Functional class [9]. Ischemic cardiomyopathy and Chagas disease were among the most prevalent causes of heart failure, different from what was previously reported worldwide and in South America. Chagas disease was the second most frequent cause of heart disease accounting for 16% of the cases. It was also found that patients with HF had gradual reduction in HGS in the different NYHA stages, mainly in men [9]. Thus, considering the major role of the HSG in the estimation of survival rates, the objective of this study was to stablish if the HGS was associated with mortality and hospitalization rates at 18 months follow up in patients with HF.
A prospective cohort analytical study was performed in FOSCAL clinic in Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia between 2015 and 2017. The primary outcome was to evaluate mortality for any cause and the secondary outcome the frequency of hospitalizations at 18 months follow up. Inclusion criteria included patients over 18 years of age with diagnosis of HF belonging to the HF outpatient clinic, with echocardiogram showing LVEF <50%, who had a complete clinical history from the initial evaluation from the FORCE study in 2015. HGS was determined using a JAMAR® dynamometer, three measurements were taken in the dominant hand, registering the best value in kg/f. Anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics were documented including age, body mass index (BMI), HF etiology, stage of the disease, past medial history of importance and medications taken.
Data analysis: data collected was introduced in an Excel® 2010 database and statistical analysis was performed using STATA 13 (Stata corporation®). P value under 0,05 was considered statistically significant. For the descriptive analysis measures of central tendency were used, while for continuous variables measures of dispersion were used (standard deviation). Categorical variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies. Categorized analysis was performed by HGS and low strength, stratifying by HGS through retest and chi square for continuous variables. For categorical variables a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed, being mortality at 18 months the dependent variable. Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated using cox regression. This research was approved by the Institutional ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained at the beginning of the study.
Out of 120 patients included in the FORCE study, 25 lost follows up, 9 didn´t want to participate in the study and 16 were impossible to reach. A total of 95 patients were included in the study and evaluated at 18 months follow up (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Patient flow chart.
The mean age was 66,36±11,9 years (Table 1). Most of the patients were mestizo and half of them were retired. 37% were single at the moment of the study, 45% were married, 17% cohabitated. Nine out of ten patients lived in the city. 53,8% hadn´t finished primary school. More than half of the patients had hypertension, 40% diabetes and dyslipidemia. Three out 10 patients had atrial fibrillation. In 40% of the patients HF developed as a consequence of ischemic heart disease, followed by Chagas heart disease in 14% of the patients and hypertension in 10%. The maximum average HGS in the dominant hand was 25,62 kg/f ±11,68, while in the non-dominant hand was 23,6 kg/f ±11,01.
Table 1. Sociodemographic variables
Variables |
Reduced strength |
Normal strenght |
Total |
P |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
Aye in years* |
67.8 SD (12.1) |
64.1 (11.3) |
66.4 (11.9) |
0.1466 |
Female gender |
43.1 (25) |
21.6 (8) |
34.7 (33) |
0.032 |
City living |
94.7 (54) |
94.6 (35) |
94.7 (89) |
0.976 |
Weight Kg* |
66.9 SD (15.23) |
72.9 (11.3) |
69.3 (14.07) |
0.0431 |
BMI Kg/m2* |
27.1 SD (7.7) |
26.8 (3.5) |
26.9 (6.4) |
0.8353 |
Calf circumference* |
33.4 SD (3.6) |
34.6 (3.1) |
33.9 (3.5) |
0.011 |
Marital status |
Married |
42.1 (24) |
51.4 (19) |
45.7 (43) |
0.646 |
Single |
8.8 (5) |
10.8 (4) |
9.6 (9) |
Divorced |
15.8 (9) |
10.8 (4) |
13.8 (13) |
Widow |
17.5 (10) |
8.1 (3) |
13.8 (13) |
Cohabitating |
15.8 (9) |
18.9 (7) |
17.0 (16) |
Schooling |
None |
1.8 (1) |
2.8 (1) |
2.2 (2) |
0.421 |
< 5 Primary school |
54.4 (31) |
47.2 (17) |
51.6 (48) |
6 - 9 |
12.3 (7) |
8.3 (3) |
10.8 (10) |
10 - 11 |
17.5 (10) |
13.9 (5) |
16.1 (15) |
Tecnichal career |
5.3 (3) |
19.4 (7) |
10.8 (10) |
Universitary |
8.8 (5) |
8.3 (3) |
8.6 (8) |
*Average(SD)
When observing HGS behavior over time, it was noticed that after 18 months it had a gradual reduction in women (P 0,03), different from men where it wasn´t statistically significant. In women, HGS reduction was observed in 62% of the patients, and it was increased in 23%. In men HGS reduction was observed in one third of the patients, while it was increased in half of them (P 0,023). (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Handgrip change according to gender.
It was found that 78% of the patients were hospitalized in the follow up period. 38% were women, in whom reduced HGS was associated with higher admission rates (P 0,026). 62% of admitted patients were men, finding a similar behavior in HGS, where patients with lower HGS had higher rates of admission.
Mortality and handgrip strength
The mortality rate was 17.8%. Reduced HGS was associated with lower survival probability at 18 months follow up. In the analysis of mortality according to HGS for the 20th percentile (28 Kg in men and 18 Kg in women) the RR was 2.78 CI95% (1.22-6.37) (P 0,015).
The mean HGS for men was 32 Kg and 20 Kg in women, RR 0.46 CI95% (0.18-1.21) (P 0.12).
Regarding HGS, age, functional class, diabetes, male sex, smoke, a significant increase in the risk of mortality was found only for the functional class in the multivariate analysis, HR 2.63 CI 95% (1.4-4.94). Additionally, there were no differences found between alive and dead patients regarding clinical variables such as age, BMI, LVEF and calf circumference. A similar tendency was seen when taking into account the etiology of HF and variables such as smoke and diabetes. The discriminatory capacity of the HGS for predicting mortality in women and men was moderate, with areas under the curve of 0.656 and 0.676 respectively.
Previous studies have reported similar mortality rates to the ones found in the present cohort. Dokainish H et al. reported a mortality rate of 16.5% with an important geographical variation, highlighting 9% mortality rate in South America [10]. In our study, the mortality rate was 16.8% finding similar prognostic factors, such as NYHA functional class and BMI. Patients with chronic HF show atrophy and weakness of the larger muscle groups needed for locomotion, increasing fatigue, which correlates with HF severity [11]. Loss of skeletal muscle mass and its functions associated to aging is known as sarcopenia, being present in up to 20% of patients with HF [12]. The accentuated inflammatory process that leads to protein consumption and muscle wasting in terminal heart disease is known as cardiac cachexia [13]. Both entities present decreased values of muscle performance. However, they have specific diagnostic criteria that were not differentiated in this study. Sarcopenia´s prognostic importance has been well stablished in patients with HF [14]. A BMI under 21.5 kg/m2 is associated with cachexia and remains as an independent and significant factor for predicting survival [11]. In our study, the mean BMI was 27.1 kg/m2 in patients with decreased strength, but this data wasn’t statistically significant. HGS is highly related to elbow flexion strength, knee extension and trunk extension [15,16]. Using them for the patient´s approach could avoid some of the big problems for testing large muscle groups in patients with advanced HF with minimum tolerance to physical activity [17]. HGS has shown to be an independent predictor of adverse results regarding health and mortality in different populations [8,18,19]. It was found in the present study that the lower the HGS the greater the risk of mortality in patients with HF and decline in functional class for stages III and IV with statistically significant values. These data are similar to what was previously reported in other population of patients where HGS reduction provided valuable information allowing the prediction of the integrity of the physical condition in elderly patients with HF [11].
Additionally, it should be highlighted that recent evidence shows that training programs could increase the quality of life of patients with HF NYHA class II or III with LVEF >40%, as well as reducing hospitalization rates for HF. The current evidence does not show increase risk of death in patients who perform physical activity [20]. Aerobic and resistance exercises performed under supervision, such as cardiac rehabilitation programs are key in the intervention of this group of patients, especially those patients with lower muscle strength and sarcopenia [21].
In elderly patients with HF there is a correlation between NYHA functional class and HGS with mortality and hospitalization rates. The current study supports the evidence that justify further prospective studies with higher number of patients and time of follow up to reassure this association and that also evaluate the impact of intervening muscular function in the progression of HF.
2021 Copyright OAT. All rights reserv
Funding sources: no funding was required for the development of the present study.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare none of them have conflicts of interest.
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