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Abstract

In this study (n=500) fresh blood and urine samples of male abusers were recruited to distinguish abuse drugs and some treatment drugs. All the study population were male, and their age range was mean ±SD=41±21. They had often history consumption of the abuse drugs and take other medication too. All data were collected and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and t-test before and after detoxification. The rapid strip methods and their eye pupils’ variations determined abusers ‘treatment conditions. When comparing the test results p-value: 0≤0.05 was considered as significance level. Treatment duration follow-up of all abuser’s urine samples indicated negative results. According to the findings of this investigation rapid strip tests were useful in urine samples and eye pupils’ variations were accessible confirmation method.

Key words

abusers, urine sample, rapid strip tests, detoxification, myosis, mydriasis

Introduction

Nowadays, addiction epidemic has changed to serious social challenge and problem even in developed societies. In the poor countries social damages are consequences increased between abusers population. Statistical studies and appropriate treatment and distinguish methods will be highly efficient in preventive of addicted population. Scientific progress and advent of new sciences have led to production of new kinetic abuse substances in industrial communities. This is while during recent decade’s addiction epidemics used to involved traditional substances such as opium. Different studies have been conducted in western and weak countries in line with diagnosis, treatment and prevention of traditional and industrial abuse drugs. So, they are currently conducted now. It seems that rapid and cheap-effective methods are important in addiction control and inhibition process. Based on new studies, use of fresh biologic sample of the abusers has been proposed. Hence, recruitment of the above-mentioned methods especially in developing and highly populated countries will be cost effective. Use of advanced experimental tools is essential in addictives and abuse drugs distinguish, however they are not economically available all the times. Hence and according to what was mentioned earlier we propose use of initial facilities such as Immuno-chromatography rapid strips as effective in urine samples and experimental tools such evaluation of eye pupils’ variations and then we develop the research procedure and framework based on them [1-10].

Methods and materials

In this study a number of 500 male abusers who had addictive substances and drugs abuse such as opium, heroin, methadone, cannabis, methamphetamine, were selected and above-mentioned substances abuse form along with research participation consent form were filled for them. Each abuser subject was asked to give a fresh sample of his urine to the laboratory before detoxification. Samples were collected to do the tests. The urine were tested by rapid strips after adding some droplets of amoniaque solution, sensitivity of which is 300 Ng/ml to abuse drugs and then the results were recorded. In this study, all of the urine samples of abusers who were detoxified without using drug were tested after improvement using above-mentioned method and the results were recorded after treatment. Moreover, before detoxification confirmation of abusing and their eye pupil variation results were recorded, too. In this research, all male abusers who participated in the study gave about 100^cc urine sample to the laboratory for being tested before and after treatment. The use some droplets of amoniaque solution in urine f abusers before their test significantly remove false negative results. All of the abusers had smoking, alcohol, pain-relief and sedative medicines history [1-12]. Majority of the abusers had relatively long history of using addictive substances or drugs for more than five years. Some biochemical tests such as liver enzymes experiments were conducted on the blood samples of the study population and then their results were recorded. Moreover, some studies were also carried out to investigate anemia level of the abusers. Results of all above-mentioned tests have been shown in results the tables [10-19].

Results

In this research all data were obtained from questioners and related tests results. Table 1 Shows number of some of the Consumption history with tested between the study populations. As it can be seen in the table use of abuse substances such as heroin, opium and cannabis drugs is becoming prevalent. Table 2 shows number of positive and negative results of prevalence of abuse substances (e.g. Heroin, opium and methamphetamine, cannabis drugs…) based on the addicts age and use history before detoxification and after treatment among urine samples and according to the rapid strip tests. Table 3 shows check of eye pupils variations in some the abusers. Table 4 shows negative results confirmatory through application of rapid strip tests above 35 years old abusers. In this study after data collection, results were compared before and after detoxification periods and then one way ANOVA and t-test statistical analyses were conducted on the data and finally p≤0.05 was considered as significant for all statistical population [1-5,8].

Table 1. Shows number of some of the consumption history with tested between the study populations

	Drug names	Men	Consumption	Abuser numbers
			History
No	Abuse drugs	Ages Mean	month or year	N
		Mean ± SD
1	Herion	52	3 yrs	N=500
2	Metamphetamine	42	2 yrs	N=500
3	Opium	42	4 yrs	N=500
4	Methadone	41	3 yrs	N=500
5	THC	43	2 yrs	N=500
6	Bupernorphine	31	2 yrs	N=500
7	Codein	61	3 yrs	N=500
8	BNZ	57	3 yrs	N=500
9	TCA	33	2 yrs	N=500
10	BAR	35	1 yrs	N=500
11	Cocaine	36	1 yrs	N=500
12	TML	50	2 yrs	N=500

Ages mean >30, N=500, BNZ: Bezodiazepines, TCA: Three Cyclic Antidepressants, BAR: Barbiturates, Meta: Metamphetamine, TML: Tramadol

Table 2. Urine rapid strip test results during the period of before and after detoxification in population study of men groups

	Age	Consumption	Consumption	Before detoxification	After detoxification
No			year	>300 ng/ml	<300 ng/ml
1	61	Mor	21 yrs	+	-
2	57	Metha	25 yrs	+	-
3	56	Mor	22 yrs	+	-
4	59	Mor	23 yrs	+	-
5	54	Metha	25 yrs	+	-
6	51	Metha	18 yrs	+	-
7	48	Mor	17 yrs	+	-
8	45	Mor	15 yrs	+	-
9	42	Meta	16 yrs	+	-
10	45	Mor	25 yrs	+	-
11	41	Mor	18 yrs	+	-
12	40	Meta	14 yrs	+	-
13	59	Mor	13 yrs	+	-
14	43	Mor	10 yrs	+	-
15	38	Mor	11 yrs	+	-
16	33	Meta	6 yrs	+	-
17	32	THC	8 yrs	+	-
18	34	Meta	15 yrs	+	-
19	38	THC	20 yrs	+	-
20	31	Mor	18 yrs	+	-
21	36	Meta	14 yrs	+	-
22	31	Meta	6 yrs	+	-
23	46	THC	4 yrs	+	-
24	44	Mor	6 yrs	+	-
25	44	Mor	23 yrs	+	-
26	43	Metha	21 yrs	+	-
27	59	Mor	25 yrs	+	-
28	30	Metha	13 yrs	+	-
29	33	Meta	10 yrs	+	-
30	31	Meta	9 yrs	+	-
31	30	THC	6 yrs	+	-
32	59	Metha	25 yrs	+	-
33	49	Metha	21 yrs	+	-
34	59	Metha	29 yrs	+	-
35	40	Mor	17 yrs	+	-

>300 ng/ml: positive results (+), <300 ng/ml: Negative results (-) N=500, Rapid strip test, Abuser drugs (MA, Methadon, THC: Canabinoid, opioums). Meta: Metamphetamine, Mor: Morphine (Opium or Heroin) detection in men abusers Urine samples. Anowa one way, p=0.001

Table 3. Shows check of eye pupils variations in the some abusers of study group

	Men	Consumption	Urine rapid strip tests results	Myosis	Mydriasis
No	Age		>300 ng/ml
1	60	Opium	+	+	-
2	46	Heroin	+	+	-
3	45	Methdone	+	+	-
4	41	Metamphetamine	+	-	+
5	39	Methdone+Meta	+	-	±
6	30	Morphine+Meta	+	-	±
7	37	Morphine+Meta+Methadone	+	±	-
8	38	BNZ+Morph+Meta	+	±	-
9	32	TCA+Meta+Methadone	+	-	±
10	30	TCA+Morph+Meta	+	-	±
11	31	Morph+Methadone+BNZ	+	+	-
12	36	TCA+Metamphetamine	+	-	+
13	39	Opium+Heroin+Methadone	+	-	-
14	40	Opium+Heroin+TCA	+	±	-
15	42	Opium+Heroin+Meta	+	±	-

±: Mild myosis or mydrisis, pupils check, urine rapid strip tets, Meta: Metamphetamine; Morphine(Opium or Heroin; BNZ:Benzodiazepine; TCA: Three cyclic Antidepressants.

Table 4. Urine test results have shown after detoxification process of some cases

	Consumption	Men	Consumption	Urine rapid strip tests results
			history
No		Age	year	<300 ng/ml
1	Metha	54	5yr	-
2	Metha	47	4 yr	-
3	Mor	43	2 yr	-
4	Mor	42	1yr	-
5	Meta	40	2 yr	-
6	Meta	31	1yr	-
7	Metha	61	10yr	-
8	Metha	60	20yr	-
9	Mor	31	1yr	-
10	Metha	32	2yr	-
11	Metha	34	2yr	-
12	THC	59	3yr	-
	Meta

Age >30, N=12, Negative results have after detoxification through Urine rapid strip tests results. (+), <300 ng/ml: Negative results (-), Rapid strip test, Abuser drugs (MA:Methadon, THC: Canabinoid, opioums). Meta: Metamphetamine, Mor: Morphine (Opium or Heroin) detection in men abusers Urine.

Discussion

Abusers who consumed narcotic and motivation abuse drugs in this study. They had often history consumption of the other following drugs abuse such: Heroin-Morphine-Codeine-Cannabis-Methadone-Tramadol-Buprexin-Methamphetamine- cocaine…. too. Also they had used other medication such: BNZ, TCA, MAO, Vitamins, Minerals, Anti hyperlipidemia and anti-hypertension and antipsychotic drugs, anti-cancer… supervision of clinics physicians. The rout of abuse drugs consumption between of abusers were often oral and sniffing but some of them had injected situation. In this study constriction (Myosis) and dilation (Mydriasis) of eye pupils of abusers were checked through clinics physicians. Table 4 detail shows check of eye pupils of abusers after their drug abuse consumption. Also, normal position of eye pupils and negative results of urine rapid test were significantly reported after detoxification of abusers in this study. Also, in some cases who denied their abuse drug consumption with infusion of some unite of naloxone they were withdrew supervision of clinics physicians. In this study other parameters of clinical biochemistry such liver function tests of abusers and their liver enzymes were evaluated too. [1-3,8-19]

Conclusions

We conclude that between all drug analytical methods the cheapest and easiest tests of abuse drugs in urine samples is accesible test to distinguishing, the base function of Rapid strip test kits is Immunochromatography. They are made and available cheaper than other methods in clinical laboratory. According to background of this study, we will be recommended that to detection and diagnosis of other medicinal or drugs poisoning rapid strip test kits with sensitivity above 300 ng/mL are usefulness. Also, other physical examination of physicians are requirement.

Acknowledgment

We acknowledge that all abuser patients to participation of them in this study. we have special thanks of from all clinics that supervion of welfare organization. We are grateful from Tabriz/Iran welfare organization to financial support of this study.

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