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The association of ultrafiltration with the outcomes of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in adults with cardiovascular disease: The result of a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mohammed Al-Sadawi

Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY, United States

E-mail : bhuvaneswari.bibleraaj@uhsm.nhs.uk

Farzane Saeidifard

Department of Internal Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, Zucker School of Medicine 130 E 77th St, New York, NY United States

Romy Rodriguez Ortega

Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY, United States

Patricia Erwin

Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic1st St SW, Rochester, MN, United States

Mohammad Abdallat

Department of Surgery, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, United States

Falah Abu Hassan

Department of General Surgery, Princess of Wales hospital, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK

Adam S Budzikowski

Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center 450 Clarkson

DOI: 10.15761/JIC.1000293

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Abstract

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that ultrafiltration (UF) is associated with improved minor and major outcomes of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) by improving tissue perfusion as well as lowering the patient’s hematocrit and blood loss and finally reducing the mortality. This meta-analysis aimed to pool the data of the previous studies on the association between using UF in the perioperative period and clinical outcomes in adult patients undergoing CPB.

Methods: We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO CINAHL from inception up to June 29th, 2019. The studies that assessed the association of UF with the outcomes of CPB in adults were eligible for inclusion. We did not restrict the search to time or language. Two independent investigators screened the identified studies and extracted the data in duplicate. We analyzed sixteen different clinical outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane collaboration tools.

Results: Primary search identified 1114 studies from which 22 studies with 8538 patients were found eligible for inclusion. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in perioperative bleeding (-107.59 (ml) CI [-179.01, -36.18]), red blood cell transfusion (-0.76 (unit/patient) CI [-1.02,-0.51]) and ICU length of stay (-0.16 (day) CI [-0.31,-0.01]) in the group with UF compared to the control group. Aortic cross-clamp time, CPB time, ventilation time, hospital length of stay, as well as number of myocardial infarctions, chest infection, perioperative arrhythmia, low cardiac output, stroke/TIA, acute renal failure, intra-aortic balloon pump, reoperation and mortality was not statistically different between the two groups (p=>0.05).

Conclusion: Using UF in adult patients undergoing CPB is associated with reduced perioperative bleeding, red blood cell transfusion, and ICU length of stay. However, the use of UF was not associated with the reduction of major cardiovascular outcomes.

Key words

Hemofiltration, ultrafiltration, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, CABG, cardiac surgery, systematic review, meta-analysis

Introduction

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) contributes to hemodilution, coagulation abnormalities, activation of inflammatory mediators, and as a result end-organ dysfunction in cardiac surgery [1]. This hemodilution occurs due to the use of priming solution that fills the circuit before perfusion begins, it can be further exacerbated using cardioplegia solution. Once CPD is discontinues this hemodiluted blood remain in the extracorporeal circuit and is slowly transfused back to the patient during or after aortic decannulation.

This hemodilution after CBP can be reversed or reduced by Ultrafiltration (UF), in which cell-free fluid is removed from the circulation. Utilizing a semipermeable membrane that allow for the transfer of water, electrolytes, and small molecules (on average up to 20 kDa) which may reduce transfusion requirements, inflammatory mediators [2] and improve hypercoagulability, post bypass hemodynamics and end-organ perfusion [3,4]. Excess removal of circulating volume has been linked to induce renal dysfunction in UF [5]. The two main forms of UF are conventional UF (CUF) which is run during CBP and cannot run following its discontinuation. In contrast, modified UF (MUF) is performed after completion of CBP, utilizing the aortic cannula.

In the pediatric population UF has been established as standard of care after CBP given its pronounced benefits [6]. Several randomized trials have tried to establish the effect of UF in adult undergoing cardiac surgery. All these studies had an intervention and control group, mortality, and other surrogate endpoints like ICU length of stay, cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury, and transfusion requirements were studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the existing evidence on the use of UF, (whether CUF or MUF) in adults that undergoing CBP and its possible benefits.

Methods

Data source and study selection

This meta‐analysis was conducted using a preplanned protocol. All results were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. With the assistance of an expert librarian, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO CINAHL were searched from their inception up to June 29th, 2019. The search was not restricted to time, publication status or language. All relevant references and Authors’ (of the included studies) related publication hand‐searched for relevant studies. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used with keywords for UF, cardiac surgery, and adult. We included randomized and quasi-randomized designs, pre-post trials, cross-sectional studies, and observational studies. Only studies on using UF in adult patients undergoing CBP and have a control group were included in the meta-analysis without restriction to the type of cardiac surgery.

Studies search and selection is illustrated in (Figure 1). Our primary search identified 1559 potentially eligible studies. Duplicates were excluded and 1114 studies were included for screening, each title and abstract were evaluated by two reviewers independently using a systematic review software (Covidence, London, UK), 45 publications were retrieved, and their manuscripts were evaluated for possible inclusion. A total of 22 studies met all eligibility criteria and were included in our meta-analysis after the agreement of the two reviewers.

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart describing the study's systematic literature search and study selection.

Data extraction and analysis

Data extraction was done by two independent reviewers with discrepancies resolved by consensus. Data included: first author, date of publishing, methods, risk of bias assessment, participants, intervention and control groups, and results (dichotomous or continuous outcomes).

In addition to the primary end point of perioperative bleed, PRBC transfusion, ICU length of stay, the following clinical parameters were collected: average aorta cross-clamp (ACC) time, average CPB time, ventilation time, hospital length of stay, myocardial infarction, Pulmonary complications, perioperative arrhythmia, low cardiac output, stroke/TIA, acute renal failure, the use of intra-aortic balloon pump, reoperation and mortality.

The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager, version 5 (Cochrane Collaboration). Mean differences were evaluated along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). All parameters were summarized using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was tested using I2 index for each outcome. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane collaboration tools.

Results

We included 22 observational studies in our analysis, baseline characters are presented in (Table 1) [1,5,7-26]. In the intervention group there was a statistically significant reduction in in postoperative bleeding (ml) (-107.59 CI [-179.01, -36.18]), postoperative blood transfusion (unit/pt) (-0.76 CI [-1.02,0.51]) and ICU length of stay (-0.16 CI [-0.31,0.01]). There were no statistically significant differences between both groups in average ACC time is (-0.69 CI [-0.2,0.62]), average CPB time (-0.85 CI [-1087,0.16]), ventilation time (-0.86 CI [-3.08,1.37]), hospital length of stay (-0.41 CI [-1.0,0.18]), mortality (0.94 CI [0.65,1.37]), myocardial infarction (0.62 CI [0.33,1.16]), chest infection (-0.69 CI [0.25,1.15]), perioperative arrhythmia (1.23 CI [0.81,1.85]), low cardiac output (0.92 CI [0.43,1.95]), stroke/ Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) (0.85 CI [0.56,1.29]), acute renal failure (1.1 CI [0.81,1.49]), intra-aortic balloon pump  (0.75 CI [0.24,2.36]), and reoperation (0.99 CI [0.65,1.5]).

Table 1. Demographic data of the studies.

Study

Number of participants

Number of participants

Male (%)

CABG (%)

Age (+/-SD)

Babka 1997

60

Intervention

30

70

100

63(+/-9)

 

Control

30

87

100

59(+/-11)

Blanchard 2000

26

Intervention

13

69

100

66

 

Control

13

69

100

66

Boga 2000

40

Intervention

20

80

100

58(+/-11)

 

Control

20

70

100

61(+/-8)

Boodhwani 2009

65

Intervention

29

66

 

66(+/-13)

 

Control

36

78

 

71(+/-10)

Coskun 2013

46

Intervention

26

89

89

58(+/-7)

 

Control

20

70

80

58(+/-11)

De Baar 2003

60

Intervention

29

79

100

66(+/-9)

 

Control

31

74

100

67(+/-8)

El-Tahan 2010

60

Intervention

30

60

 

28

 

Control

30

70

 

27

Kiziltepe 2001

40

Intervention

20

65

75

60(+/-14)

 

Control

20

70

75

60(+/-8)

Luciani 2001

573

Intervention

284

66

57

64(+/-11)

 

Control

289

74

60

63(+/-14)

Matata 2015

199

Intervention

97

59

31

76

 

Control

102

60

30

73

Oliver 2004

127

Intervention

64

84

44

62(+/-1)

 

Control

63

83

57

62(+/-12)

Papadopolous 2013

50

Intervention

25

52

 

74(+/-6)

 

Control

25

64

 

75(+/-5)

Paugh 2015

6407

Intervention

1362

75

   
 

Control

5045

75

   

Soliman 2016

283

Intervention

138

50

53

60(+/-12)

 

Control

145

42

47

60(+/-12)

Zhang 2009

94

Intervention

47

     
 

Control

47

     

Naveed 2015

80

Intervention

40

72

16

47(+/-13)

 

Control

40

82

24

51(+/-9)

Torina 2012

60

Intervention

30

80

100

55(+/-7)

 

Control

30

93

100

56(+/-9)

Grunenfelder 2000

50

Intervention

30

 

100

 
 

Control

20

 

100

 

Tollman 2002

30

Intervention

15

66

 

63(+/-9)

 

Control

15

80

 

63(+/-7)

Raman 2003

118

Intervention

61

66

39

68(+/-12)

 

Control

57

77

35

65(+/-13)

Steffens 2008

30

Intervention

15

90

 

58(+/-11)

 

Control

15

66

 

58(+/-16)

Kosour 2016

40

Intervention

20

64

100

59(+/-10)

 

Control

20

75

100

60(+/-10)

Discussion

This was the first systematic review and meta-analysis about this subject. We included 22 studies evaluating the utility of UF in adult undergoing cardiac surgery. Among the studies included, sixteen different outcomes were analyzed including mortality. In this systematic analysis the only endpoints that demonstrated a statistically significant difference were post-operative bleeding, transfusion of RBCs and length of stay in the ICU. There was no evidence of mortality benefit which corroborates every single study included in this analysis.

The results of the present study showed that UF is associated with decrease in post-operative bleeding, transfusion of RBCs and length of stay in the ICU but not with major cardiovascular outcomes.

Ultrafiltration have shown to improve postoperative hemodynamics and myocardial recovery as well as cerebral and hemostatic function in pediatric cardiac surgery [27], with these benefits UF has been adapted as the standard of care in this population. The value of UF in adult cardiac surgery has not been thoroughly explored. We conducted this meta-analysis to better evaluate the utility of UF, Both MUF and CUF in adult (Figure 2-Figure 17).

Figure 2. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the average aorta cross-clamp (ACC) time in minutes.

Figure 3. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the average cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time in minutes.

Figure 4. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the ventilation time in hours.

Figure 5. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the perioperative bleed (ml).

Figure 6. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the red blood cells transfusion (unit/patient)

Figure 7. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the ICU length of stay (days).

Figure 8. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the hospital length of stay (days).

Figure 9. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and mortality.

Figure 10. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the incidence of myocardial infarction.

Figure 11. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the chest infection incidence.

Figure 12. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the perioperative arrhythmia.

Figure 13. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the low cardiac output.

Figure 14. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the stroke/TIA.

Figure 15. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the acute renal failure.

Figure 16. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the IABP.

Figure 17. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the reoperation.

The main benefit that has been consistent with the use of UF is a decrease in transfusion requirements. Multiple studies have demonstrated that these appears to be driven by correcting hemodilution and less post-operative bleeding. Our study found a statistically significant decrease in post-operative bleeding. This was driven by two of the studies [11,13] that reported a decrease in mean post-operative bleeding of 200 to 250mL. Three other studies have demonstrated a trend towards less post-operative bleeding without reaching statistical significance [14,22,23]. This decrease in bleeding was likely one of the main contributors to the reduction on transfusion requirements of 0.76 units/patient (95% CI: -1.02, -0.51), which is also explained by the reduction in hemodilution after CBP, at least 6 of the studies included demonstrated a significant decrease in units transfused or at least a trend towards significance.

Nine Studies which reported mortality as an endpoint were included. In a multicenter, observational cohort study which assessed the effect of UF (CUF) versus control group [5], there was no significant difference in mortality rate between patients who have received CUF and those who have not. A result which has been consistent among all the manuscripts included. On the other hand, Paugh et al. [5] did found differences in morbidity, mainly rates of acute kidney injury which were greater in the CUF group (adjusted OR 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.65; p = 0.002).

The risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) is of great interest when studying UF. Several mechanisms can contribute to AKI; both fluid overload as a result of CBP as well as excessive fluid removal during UF can potentially impact renal function. Our results demonstrate no significant impact of UF on renal function. All 6 studies which investigated AKI after filtration did not demonstrate a clear benefit or harm of using UF. Paugh et al. [5] demonstrated an increased risk of developing AKI after CPB and UF which appeared to be mainly related to increasing volume of UF in patients with baseline chronic kidney injury. This might be explained by the excessive risk of developing AKI in patients with chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease as demonstrated in a study which examined increased UF rates in patients with ESRD and cardiovascular disease [28].

The length of stay in the ICU was also significantly decreased (mean difference -0.16 days) in the UF groups compared to the control groups. However, this statistical significance does not pertain a clinical significance as the duration of difference was marginal. Total time on ventilator, hospital length of stay, myocardial infarction, surgical site infections, arrhythmia, stroke, low cardiac output and the need for intra-aortic balloon pump, and reoperation were equivalent between the two groups.

Some limitations have surfaced while doing our review. We employed a broad search strategy but the possibility that important clinical trials were missed remains. Our goal was to report all clinical outcomes reported in different studies, which reflected a heterogeneity in the endpoints of these studies.

Conclusion

Based on the results from this meta-analysis, the use of UF during or after CBP decreases bleeding and transfusion requirements. No clear impact on mortality was seen and no discernable risk of acute kidney injury. We deduced that UF appears to be useful in adult cardiac surgery given the reductions in bleeding and blood product needs. It should be noted, however, that UF in patients with initially reduced kidney function should be used with caution. There are still gaps in evidence and larger randomized clinical trials should be performed.

References

  1. Boodhwani M, Hamilton A, de Varennes B, Mesana T, Williams K, et al. (2010) A multicenter randomized controlled trial to assess the feasibility of testing modified ultrafiltration as a blood conservation technology in cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 139: 701-706. [Crossref]
  2. Tassani P, Richter JA, Barankay A, Braun SL, Haehnel C, et al. (1999) Does high-dose methylprednisolone in aprotinin-treated patients attenuate the systemic inflammatory response during coronary artery bypass grafting procedures? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 13: 165-172. [Crossref]
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  4. Weber CF, Jámbor C, Strasser C, Moritz A, Papadopoulos N, et al. (2011) Normovolemic modified ultrafiltration is associated with better preserved platelet function and less postoperative blood loss in patients undergoing complex cardiac surgery: a randomized and controlled study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 141: 1298-1304. [Crossref]
  5. Paugh TA, Dickinson TA, Martin JR, Hanson EC, Fuller J, et al. (2015) Impact of Ultrafiltration on Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery: The Michigan Experience. Ann Thorac Surg 100: 1683-1688. [Crossref]
  6. Groom RC, Froebe S, Martin J, Manfra MJ, Cormack JE, et al. (2005) Update on pediatric perfusion practice in North America: 2005 survey. J Extra Corpor Technol 37: 343-350. [Crossref]
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  8. Blanchard N, Toque Y, Trojette F, Quintard JM, Benammar A, et al. (2000) Hemodynamic and echocardiographic effects of hemofiltration performed during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14: 393-398.
  9. Bogă M, Islamoğlu, Badak I, Cikirikçioğlu M, Bakalim T, et al. (2000) The effects of modified hemofiltration on inflammatory mediators and cardiac performance in coronary artery bypass grafting. Perfusion 15: 143-150. [Crossref]
  10. Coskun I.
  11. El-Tahan MR, Hamad RA, Ghoneimy YF, El Shehawi MI, Shafi MA (2010) A prospective, randomized study of the effects of continuous ultrafiltration in hepatic patients after cardiac valve surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 24: 63-68. [Crossref]
  12. de Baar M, Diephuis JC, Moons KG, Holtkamp J, Hijman R, et al. (2003) The effect of zero-balanced ultrafiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass on S100b release and cognitive function. Perfusion 18: 9-14. [Crossref]
  13. Kiziltepe U, Uysalel A, Corapcioglu T, Dalva K, Akan H, et al. (2001) Effects of combined conventional and modified ultrafiltration in adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg 71: 684-693. [Crossref]
  14. Luciani GB, Menon T, Vecchi B, Auriemma S, Mazzucco A (2001) Modified ultrafiltration reduces morbidity after adult cardiac operations: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Circulation 104: I253-259. [Crossref]
  15. Matata BM, Scawn N, Morgan M, Shirley S, Kemp I, et al. (2015) A Single-Center Randomized Trial of Intraoperative Zero-Balanced Ultrafiltration During Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Patients With Impaired Kidney Function Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 29: 1236-1247. [Crossref]
  16. Oliver WC, Nuttall GA, Orszulak TA, Bamlet WR, Abel MD, et al. (2004) Hemofiltration but not steroids results in earlier tracheal extubation following cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective, randomized double-blind trial. Anesthesiology 101: 327-339. [Crossref]
  17. Papadopoulos N, Bakhtiary F, Grün V, Weber CF, Strasser C, et al. (2013) The effect of normovolemic modified ultrafiltration on inflammatory mediators, endotoxins, terminal complement complexes and clinical outcome in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. Perfusion 28: 306-314. [Crossref]
  18. Soliman R, Fouad E, Belghith M, Abdelmageed T (2016) Conventional hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass increases the serum lactate level in adult cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth 19: 45-51. [Crossref]
  19. Zhang T, Jiang SL, Gao CQ, Luo J, Ma L, et al. (2011) Effect of subzero-balanced ultrafiltration on lung gas exchange capacity after cardiopulmonary bypass in adult patients with heart valve disease. Heart Surg Forum 14: E22-27. [Crossref]
  20. Naveed D, Khan RA, Malik A, Shah SZ, Ullah I, et al. (2016) Role of modified ultrfiltration in adult cardiac surgery: a prospective randomized control trial. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 28: 22-25. [Crossref]
  21. Torina AG, Silveira-Filho LM, Vilarinho KA, Eghtesady P, Oliveira PP, et al. (2012) Use of modified ultrafiltration in adults undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with inflammatory modulation and less postoperative blood loss: a randomized and controlled study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 144: 663-670. [Crossref]
  22. Grünenfelder J, Zünd G, Schoeberlein A, Maly FE, Schurr U, et al. (2000) Modified ultrafiltration lowers adhesion molecule and cytokine levels after cardiopulmonary bypass without clinical relevance in adults. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17: 77-83. [Crossref]
  23. Tallman RD, Dumond M, Brown D (2002) Inflammatory mediator removal by zero-balance ultrafiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion 17: 111-115. [Crossref]
  24. Raman JS, Hata M, Bellomo R, Kohchi K, Cheung HL, et al. (2003) Hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass for high risk adult cardiac surgery. Int J Artif Organs 26: 753-757. [Crossref]
  25. Steffens TG, Kohmoto T, Edwards N, Wolman RL, Holt DW (2008) Effects of modified ultrafiltration on coagulation as measured by the thromboelastograph. J Extra Corpor Technol 40: 229-233. [Crossref]
  26. Kosour C, Dragosavac D, Antunes N, Almeida de Oliveira RA, Martins Oliveira PP, et al. (2016) Effect of Ultrafiltration on Pulmonary Function and Interleukins in Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 30: 884-890. [Crossref]
  27. Berdat PA, Eichenberger E, Ebell J, Pfammatter JP, Pavlovic M, et al. (2004) Elimination of proinflammatory cytokines in pediatric cardiac surgery: analysis of ultrafiltration method and filter type. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127: 1688-1696. [Crossref]
  28. Flythe JE, Brunelli SM (2011) The risks of high ultrafiltration rate in chronic hemodialysis: implications for patient care. Semin Dial 24: 259-265. [Crossref]

Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

Massimo Fioranelli
Guglielmo Marconi University

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received: July 02, 2020
Accepted: July 13, 2020
Published: July 23, 2020

Copyright

©2020 Al-Sadawi M. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Al-Sadawi M, Saeidifard F, Ortega RR, Erwin P, Abdallat M, et al. (2020) The association of ultrafiltration with the outcomes of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in adults with cardiovascular disease: The result of a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Integr Cardiol. 6. DOI: 10.15761/JIC.1000293

Corresponding author

Adam S Budzikowski

Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY, United States

E-mail : bhuvaneswari.bibleraaj@uhsm.nhs.uk

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart describing the study's systematic literature search and study selection.

Figure 2. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the average aorta cross-clamp (ACC) time in minutes.

Figure 3. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the average cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time in minutes.

Figure 4. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the ventilation time in hours.

Figure 5. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the perioperative bleed (ml).

Figure 6. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the red blood cells transfusion (unit/patient)

Figure 7. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the ICU length of stay (days).

Figure 8. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the hospital length of stay (days).

Figure 9. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and mortality.

Figure 10. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the incidence of myocardial infarction.

Figure 11. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the chest infection incidence.

Figure 12. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the perioperative arrhythmia.

Figure 13. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the low cardiac output.

Figure 14. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the stroke/TIA.

Figure 15. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the acute renal failure.

Figure 16. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the IABP.

Figure 17. The results of meta-analysis on the association of Ultrafiltration and the reoperation.

Table 1. Demographic data of the studies.

Study

Number of participants

Number of participants

Male (%)

CABG (%)

Age (+/-SD)

Babka 1997

60

Intervention

30

70

100

63(+/-9)

 

Control

30

87

100

59(+/-11)

Blanchard 2000

26

Intervention

13

69

100

66

 

Control

13

69

100

66

Boga 2000

40

Intervention

20

80

100

58(+/-11)

 

Control

20

70

100

61(+/-8)

Boodhwani 2009

65

Intervention

29

66

 

66(+/-13)

 

Control

36

78

 

71(+/-10)

Coskun 2013

46

Intervention

26

89

89

58(+/-7)

 

Control

20

70

80

58(+/-11)

De Baar 2003

60

Intervention

29

79

100

66(+/-9)

 

Control

31

74

100

67(+/-8)

El-Tahan 2010

60

Intervention

30

60

 

28

 

Control

30

70

 

27

Kiziltepe 2001

40

Intervention

20

65

75

60(+/-14)

 

Control

20

70

75

60(+/-8)

Luciani 2001

573

Intervention

284

66

57

64(+/-11)

 

Control

289

74

60

63(+/-14)

Matata 2015

199

Intervention

97

59

31

76

 

Control

102

60

30

73

Oliver 2004

127

Intervention

64

84

44

62(+/-1)

 

Control

63

83

57

62(+/-12)

Papadopolous 2013

50

Intervention

25

52

 

74(+/-6)

 

Control

25

64

 

75(+/-5)

Paugh 2015

6407

Intervention

1362

75

   
 

Control

5045

75

   

Soliman 2016

283

Intervention

138

50

53

60(+/-12)

 

Control

145

42

47

60(+/-12)

Zhang 2009

94

Intervention

47

     
 

Control

47

     

Naveed 2015

80

Intervention

40

72

16

47(+/-13)

 

Control

40

82

24

51(+/-9)

Torina 2012

60

Intervention

30

80

100

55(+/-7)

 

Control

30

93

100

56(+/-9)

Grunenfelder 2000

50

Intervention

30

 

100

 
 

Control

20

 

100

 

Tollman 2002

30

Intervention

15

66

 

63(+/-9)

 

Control

15

80

 

63(+/-7)

Raman 2003

118

Intervention

61

66

39

68(+/-12)

 

Control

57

77

35

65(+/-13)

Steffens 2008

30

Intervention

15

90

 

58(+/-11)

 

Control

15

66

 

58(+/-16)

Kosour 2016

40

Intervention

20

64

100

59(+/-10)

 

Control

20

75

100

60(+/-10)