Take a look at the Recent articles

Dietary restriction to prevent fattening/insulin resistance/overall inflammation

Mario Ciampolini

Preventive Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Italy

E-mail : bhuvaneswari.bibleraaj@uhsm.nhs.uk

Gaia Cecchi

Preventive Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Italy

DOI: 10.15761/IFNM.1000183

Article
Article Info
Author Info
Figures & Data

The division had a start when I read the Handbook of Physiology of the American Society for Physiology, A researcher should have different objective than physicians. In 1967, I was charged with the treatment of malnutrition and diarrhea in the University of Florence. I read the handbook to become aware about mucosal digestion and absorption. At that time, these points had to be diagnosed to treat malnourished children. Before beginning any research, I intended to adapt intake to intestinal physiology. I read that 50-60% or more immune cells of the human body reside in the mucosa of small intestine [1-3]. Bacteria grow in small and large intestine by slow energy production without oxygen use. All fibers and small amounts of sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, fats escape intestinal digestion and provide energy for one bacterial replication per day [4]. Food avoided absorption due either to excessive intake or to incapability to be digested. Fibers like cellulose and pectin escape digestion and promote slow growth of poorly immunogenic bacteria species and prevent harmful microbiome developments. Bacterial growth becomes immunogenic and harmful when energy dense food is largely available. In the mammal intestine, bacterial indiscriminate, harmful growth is proportionate to a positive energy balance in blood and in body. Thus, I studied bacteria number on intestinal mucosa in time after last meal. A longer interval from the meal produced a decrease in bacteria number. An increase in mucosal and overall immune stimulation is associated with bacteria growth on intestinal mucosa, with preprandial blood glucose (BG) and with a slowdown of meal absorption [5,6]. Energy balance directly affects these correlated variables either increasing or lowering the conflict between bacteria activity and mucosal immune response. The initial hunger meal pattern (IHMP) was devised to reduce bacterial growth and reduce the mucosal immune response at nutrient absorption. This conflictual state between bacteria and mucosa has been confirmed [7,8]. The many successful cures of gastrointestinal pathologies suggest that the conflictual theory that was used for recovery was objective, i.e. reproduced the events in small and large intestine. In this view, the question: “what food provokes cancer?” is absurd. Malignancy needs to be surveilled and prevented through an increase in efficiency of immune system [9]. Lower intestinal stimulation may be the way to achieve higher immune efficiency also in the body [2,3,5,10,11]. Thus health (general immune efficiency) follows the relation between energy intake and expenditure. Hundreds or thousands of bacterial species live and multiply in the intestine, 5-15% of the species elicit IgG production, the intestinal mucosa responds with an immune reaction and, lastly, the immune stimulation by bacterial antigens spreads to all body tissues (Overall Subclinical Inflammation). Thus, many observations sustain the conflictual view for the absorption of every energy dense food. Now, hundreds of scientific Journals ask me for submitting articles. I am alone and cannot produce hundred articles that are new and different each other to repeat the statements about the conflictual absorption and the IHMP solution for health maintenance and recovery. Yet, the upsurge of malignant and vascular risks, not to mention malnutrition that affects one billion of malnourished people, impose to spread the awareness on this issue [12-15].

Acknowledgement

This review has been shown in: “Modifying Eating Behavior: Novel Approaches for Reducing Body Weight, Preventing Weight Regain and Reducing Chronic Disease Risk” ASN’s Annual Meeting & Scientific Sessions at Experimental Biology 2014, April 26-30.

References

  1. Mowat AM (1987) The cellular basis of gastrointestinal immunity. In: Marsh MN (Ed.) Immunopathology of the small intestine. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester pp: 44.
  2. Brandtzaeg P, Halstensen TS, Kett K, Krajci P, Kvale D, et al. (1989) Immunobiology and Immunopathology of Human Gut Mucosa: Humoral Immunity and Intreaepithelial Lymphocytes. Gastroenterology 97: 1562-1584. [Crossref]
  3. Abrams GD (1977) Microbial effects on mucosal structure and function. Am J Clin Nutr 30: 1980-86.
  4. Hungate RE (1967) Ruminal fermentation. In: Heidel W, Code CF, Handbook of physiology, sect 6, Alimentary canal. Washington DC: Am Physiol Soc, pp: 2725-2746.
  5. Ciampolini M, Bini S, Orsi A (1996) Microflora persistence on duodeno-jejunal flat or normal mucosa in time after a meal in children. Physiol Behav 60: 1551-1556. [Crossref]
  6. Ciampolini M, Borselli L, Giannellini V (2000) Attention to Metabolic Hunger and Its Effects on Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Physiol Behav 70: 287-296. [Crossref]
  7. Cooper IF, Siadaty MS (2014) 'Bacteriums' associated with 'Blood Glucose Level Finding'. Bio Med Lib Review 2014/6/26705207661.
  8. Mccoy KD, Köller Y (2015) New developments providing mechanistic insight into the impact of the microbiota on allergic disease. Clin Immunology 05: 007· [Crossref]
  9. Kristensen VN (2017) The antigenicity of the tumor cell. N Engl J Med 376: 491-493. [Crossref]
  10. Kubes P, Meahl WZ (2012) Sterile Inflammation in the Liver. Gastroenterlogy 143: 1158-1172. [Crossref]
  11. Lynch SV, Pedersen O (2016) The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease. N Engl J Med 375: 2369-2379. [Crossref]
  12. Ciampolini M, Bianchi R (2006) Training to estimate blood glucose and to form associations with initial hunger. Nutr Metab (Lond) 3: 42. [Crossref]
  13. Ciampolini M, Sifone M (2011) Differences in maintenance of mean Blood glucose (BG) and their association with response to “Recognizing Hunger”. Int J Gen Med 4: 403-412. [Crossref]
  14. Ciampolini M, Lovell-Smith D, Sifone M (2010) Sustained self-regulation of energy intake. Loss of weight in overweight subjects. Maintenance of weight in normal-weight subjects. Nutr Metab (Lond) 7: 1-4. [Crossref]
  15. Van der Waaij LA, Limburg PC, Mesander G, van der Waaij D (1996) In vivo IgA coating of anaerobic bacteria in human faeces. Gut 38: 348-354. [Crossref]
2021 Copyright OAT. All rights reserv

Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

Renee Dufault
Food Ingredient and Health Research Institute

Article Type

Perspective Article

Publication history

Received date: February 22, 2017
Accepted date: March 18, 2017
Published date: March 21, 2017

Copyright

© 2017 Ciampolini M. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Ciampolini M, Cecchi G (2017) Dietary restriction to prevent fattening/insulin resistance/overall inflammation. Integr Food Nutr Metab 4: DOI: 10.15761/IFNM.1000183

Corresponding author

Mario Ciampolini

Department of Paediatrics, University of Florence, 50132 Florence, Italy

No Figures