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Effects of the substitution of cow dung by the rumen content on production and chemical composition of maggots

Gilbert Comlan Zougou Tovignon

National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB), University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

E-mail : bhuvaneswari.bibleraaj@uhsm.nhs.uk

Abdourhamane Ibrahim Toure

National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB), University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

Férence Ndzani Matumuini

National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB), University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

Arsène Valery Mboko

National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB), University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

Cédric SIMA Obiang

Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

Frédéric Christol Ngansop Nono

Technical School of Agriculture (TSA) Bambili, P.O. Box 15, Bambili (Bamenda), Cameroon

Kady Divine Moussounda Gassama

National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB), University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

Taffarel Juani Mekossangoye Ndounga

National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB), University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

Louis Clément Obame Engonga

Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

Joseph-Privat Ondo

Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

Fernand Tendonkeng

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, FASA, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon

Emile Miegoue

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, FASA, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon

Benoit Boukila

National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB), University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

Etienne Pamo Tedonkeng

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, FASA, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon

DOI: 10.15761/AHDVS.1000184

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Abstract

The production of fly larvae for non-ruminants’ feeding is an innovative and expanding sector in many countries. An experimental study whose objective was to contribute to improving knowledge in the domain of fly multiplication for maggot production, was conducted at the National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB) of the University of Science and Techniques, Masuku (USTM) between February and June 2018. The completely randomized experimental design was made up of 4 trials (substrates) of 1,100 g each, repeated 3 times in plastic basins. The substrates were composed of S1 (90.91% of cow dung + 9.09% of blood), S2 (68.18% of cow dung + 22.73% of rumen content (RC) + 9.09% of blood), S3 (45.45% of cow dung + 45.46% of RC + 9.09% of blood) and S4 (22.73% of cow dung + 68.18% of RC + 9.09% of blood). The blood from bovine contained in each mixture served as an attractive material. The results highlighted 04 families of flies: Muscidae (6.35%), Calliphoridae (85.71%), Strationomiydae (4.76%) and Syrphidae (3.17%). The substrate S4 had the highest fresh and dry biomasses of maggots respectively 20.67 ± 25.15 g and 3.67 ± 4.72 g. The highest length (1.88 ± 0.08 cm) was obtained with maggots from the substrate S1. Although this value was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the length observed with maggots from the substrate S4 (1.43 ± 0.24 cm), it was therefore, comparable (p>0.05) to those obtained in substrates S2 (1.74 ± 0.13 cm) and S3 (1.82 ± 0.06 cm). The highest dry matter (DM) content (27.61 ± 21.62%) was recorded with maggots from S2 while the lowest DM content (17.25 ± 2.48%) was recorded in S4. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between the DM in all the substrates. The crude protein (CP) content in maggot flours from S4 (35.98 ± 2.21%) and S3 (34.66 ± 0.10%) was comparable (p>0.05) and significantly higher (p<0.05) than in S2 (27.57 ± 0.20%) and in S1 (26.56 ± 0.32%). The highest fat content (24.87 ± 0.32%) was obtained with maggot flour from S3 and the lowest content was found in S2 (8.91 ± 0.30%). At the end of this experimental study, the substrate S4 (25% of cow dung and 75% of RC) could be considered in large scale maggot production for animal feeding.

Key words

Cow dung, rumen content, identification, fly larvae, production, bovine blood

Introduction

Gabon constantly uses imports to meet its food needs (DGS-Gabon, 2009) [1]. Also, to reduce its dependence on the external market, livestock production appears as a key sector to develop in order to meet the ever-increasing food demand. Therefore, the development of this sector is hindered by many constraints, namely the low availability of feeds and particularly nitrogen-rich feeds in livestock compounded feeds. In fact, proteins constitute the main limiting factor in animal feeding, particularly in non-ruminants [2]. Shortage of proteins in a ration leads to a drop in animal performance [3,4] and a feeding containing optimal quantities of proteins could improve animal performance [5-7]. Also, one way to improve animal feeding could consist of formulating quality rations, based on ingredients locally and easily available at a relatively affordable and profitable price. But, protein sources are scarce and when they exist, they are expensive. The valorization of new protein sources for livestock feeding, like flours from cockroaches, maggots, termites, earth worms, grasshoppers, etc., is therefore imperative as a possible alternative [8]. Among all these insects, maggot production is possible using a wide range of household wastes and agricultural by-products locally available [9]. Decaying organic matter can serve as substrates for maggot production) [8], and fresh or fermented wastes from animal origin attract flies on substrates [10]. Fly larvae have protein contents higher than 40% [11]. Bouafou et al. [12] recorded protein contents between 47.50 and 52.23%. So, Mensah et al. [13] and Malivel [11] believe that maggot flour could validly replace fish flour in non-ruminants’ rations.

The global objective of this work was to determine best substrates for maggots’ production. More specifically, this study was intended:

  • To identify families of flies producing maggots.
  • To appreciate the production of maggots on different substrates.
  • To characterize physically and chemically the maggots produced per substrate.

Material and methods

Experimentation site

The present study was carried out from February to June 2018 at the National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB) of the University of Science and Techniques, Masuku (USTM), located at Franceville in the Haut-Ogooué Province in Gabon. The area is located at a latitude of 1°37’59’’ south, a longitude of 13°35’00’’ and an altitude of 405 m above the sea level [14]. The climate is of equatorial type with two well-marked seasons (dry and rainy), with a mean annual temperature of 24.6°C. The average rainfall is 1803 mm/year and the humidity fluctuates around 80% all year round [15].

Origin of substrates

The substrates used were made up of cow dung, rumen content (RC) and bovine blood. Fresh cow dung was collected at the INSAB stable and transferred in empty flour bags previously washed, rinsed, and dried. Freshly slaughtered bovine RC and blood were collected at the slaughterhouse of the Poto-poto market in Franceville. The blood was used as an attractive material for colonizing flies in substrates.

Livestock management

The completely randomized experimental design was constituted of 4 trials of 1,100 g each, repeated 3 times in plastic basins of 86 cm of diameter and 14 cm of height. The substrates were designed as follows:

  • S1= 90.91% of cow dung + 9.09% of blood
  • S2= 68.18% of cow dung + 22.73% of RC + 9.09% of blood
  • S3= 45.45% of cow dung + 45.46% of RC + 9.09% of blood
  • S4 = 22.73% of cow dung + 68.18% of RC+ 9.09% of blood

The breeding was conducted in semi-hard building, isolated, and sheltered from bad weather where flies could enter and leave freely. The entire experimental design was put in a 7.5 m2 box (3.0 m length x 2.5 m width). The box was allowed open during 24 hours for colonization []; the basins that remained open to let the flies lay eggs on the substrates were then covered. The basins had small aeration holes made with the help of a nail. The daily follow-up of the trial was done three (03) times a day (at 8 AM, 12 AM and 5 PM). The basins were open during these periods of time for a better aeration of the culture media.

Identification of families of flies

For the identification of different colonizing flies in substrates, 63 flies were collected with the help of a cage covered with a mosquito net treated with a RAMBO brand insecticide. The cage contained plates in which small quantities of substrates (cow dung and RC) and blood were put. Once the flies were found in the cage, they were killed with the help of insecticide, then collected and conserved in alcohol at 70°. The collected flies were identified by observation of morphological characters with an OPTIKA brand binocular loupe at X2 magnification.

Maggots harvesting

The harvesting of flies larvae was done on the 5th day after the beginning of the trial. The method used was the manual sorting. It consisted of soaking substrates in hot water at 60°C to kill the maggots found in it [17]. In fact, once the substrates were soaked, part of the killed larvae floated in hot water and picked with the help of a sieve, meanwhile the other part of larvae (dead and alive) were trapped inside the substrate. For the collection, 2 basins, one sieve, a plastic pot for each substrate and a filter were used. The trapped larvae were extracted gradually from small quantities of substrates. After the collection, the larvae were all transferred in 12 pots labeled according to different substrates.

Bromatological analysis

The analysis of samples of maggot flour were carried out at the Laboratory of Chemistry in the Faculty Science of the University of Science and Techniques, Masuku. The samples were used to determine chemical characteristics (in %) (Water content, DM, CP, fats). Two repetitions were necessary to determine the mean value of each characteristic. The water content as well as the DM were determined using the methods described by AOAC [16]. The CP content was obtained using the Bradford method and the fat content using the extraction method with the help of the Soxhlet design [18].

Productivity of substrates

To determine the biomass of maggots produced, their fresh and dry weights were recorded according to substrates. After removing water from the pots, larvae were first of all exposed-on LOTUS paper during few minutes before recording fresh weight. Weighing was done using a digital TEFAL OPTISS brand balance (capacity 5 kg and precision 1 g).

Determination of measurements in larvae

To determine the average length of a maggot in different substrates, ten (10) fresh maggots were randomly chosen and measured using a ruler.

Determination of the dry weight of larvae

After the fresh weight, the larvae were dried in an oven at 55°C for 24 hours. After cooling, the larvae were weighed again. For chemical analysis, the dry maggots were ground manually with the help of a bowl and conserved in numbered plastic sachets.

Statistical analysis

The data on biomass, measurements and chemical composition of maggot flour was submitted to the analysis on variance at one factor (substrate) following the general linear model (GLM). When the significant differences existed between treatments, the separation of means was done by the Waller-Duncan test at 5% significant level [19]. The software used for the analysis was SPSS. 20.0.

Results

Identification of families of flies involved in the colonization of substrates

The Figure 1 illustrates the proportions of families of flies identified during the colonization of substrates.

Figure 1. Proportion of flies identified according to families

From this figure, 4 families of flies were identified, namely Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Strationomiydae and Syrphidae. The most abundant family of flies was Calliphoridae (85.71%). The other families were very less present.

Mean biomass and measurements in maggots

The biomass in fly larvae produced as well as their measurements according to substrate type were summarized in the

From the Table 1, both fresh and dry biomasses have not been significantly influenced by the nature of the substrate (p>0.05). The mean height recorded with maggots from the substrate S1 was comparable (p˃0.05) to that of maggots from the substrates S2 (1.74 ± 0.13 cm) and S3 (1.82 ± 0.06 cm). In addition, the heights obtained with these substrates were significantly (p˂0.05) higher than those of maggots from S4 (1.43 ± 0.24 cm).

Table 1. Mean biomass and measurements in maggots according to substrates

Parameters

Substrates

S1

S2

S3

S4

Biomass (g)

Fresh (g)

10.67 ± 3.21a

4.33 ± 2.08a

4.00 ± 1.41a

20.67 ± 2.52a

Dry (g)

1.67 ± 0.58a

0.67± 0.58a

1.00 ± 0.00a

3.67 ± 0.47a

Measurements (cm)

1.88 ± 0.08b

1.74 ± 0.13b

1.82 ± 0.06b

1.43 ± 0.24a

a, b : Means bearing the same letters on the same line are comparable at 5% significant level.

Chemical composition of maggot flour

The chemical composition of maggot flour according to each substrate type is presented in the Table 2.

Table 2. Chemical composition of maggots according to substrates

Parameters

Substrates

S1

S2

S3

S4

Humidity (%)

81.34 ± 10.41a

72.39 ± 21.62a

78.57 ± 0.77a

82.75 ± 2.48a

DM (%)

18.66 ± 10.41a

27.61 ± 21.62a

21.43 ± 1.08a

17.25 ± 2.48a

CP (%)

26.56 ± 0.32a

27.57 ± 0.20a

34.66 ± 0.10b

35.98 ± 2.21b

Fats (%)

11.35 ± 0.43b

8.91 ± 0.30a

24.87 ± 0.36d

14.38 ± 0.76c

a, b, c, d: Means bearing the same letters on the same line are comparable at 5% significant level.

From this table, it shows that the nature of the substrate has not influenced significantly (p>0.05) the variations in humidity and fat content. On the other hand, CP levels obtained from maggot flours in S3 and S4 were significantly higher than those obtained with maggot flours from S2 (27.57 ± 0.20%) and S1 (26.56 ± 0.32%) which were comparable (p˃0.05) among them. It also turns out that the substrate type has significantly influenced (p<0.05) fat contents in maggot flours. In fact, highest fat content was obtained with maggot flour in S3 (24.87 ± 0.36%) and the lowest value (8.91 ± 0.30%) with maggots in S2.

Discussion

The family Calliphoridae was the most represented with 85.71% of identified individuals. The same observation was made by Bouafou et al. [] during a study conducted on the inventory of flies on various by-products in Ivory Coast. The marked presence of this family could be justified by its height, its social and cosmopolitan character. In fact, according to Byrd and Castner [], this family has more than 1000 species and members can be found worldwide. Claude and Daniel [] also affirm that Calliphoridae like flying in groups and once a fly detects an excrement on which it can lay, it releases pheromones to alert the other individuals. They then come massively and colonize the substrate first. In addition, according to Bouafou et al. [] and Keiding [] garbage is mostly visited by Calliphoridae. The Muscidae was the second most represented family (6.35%). The low abundance of Syrphidae (3.17%) could be linked to the scarcity of flowers on the site because

The highest quantity of fresh biomass in maggots in this study (20.67±25.15 g in S4) was greater than the one obtained by Ndadi [22], with the bovine rumen content (10.05 g) and by Kéyi [23] with the fowl droppings. But this quantity was lower than that obtained by Tendonkeng et al. [24] (66.10 g) with the rumen content containing blood. This difference could be linked to the chemical composition of substrates, or the nutritional content of the substrates [25]. Tendonkeng et al. [24] mentioned that the addition of fresh bovine blood in the substrates improves the biomass of maggots produced. On the other hand, the substrate S3 was revealed less productive (4.00 ± 1.41 g). This low biomass obtained could be explained by the fact that, the attractiveness of cow dung and rumen content coupled with the addition of blood could lead to an increase in the number of flies on substrate caused by an increase in the number of eggs laid and the number of maggots, hence reducing the nutrients in the substrates. Many larvae die, those surviving do not develop well due to a shortage of nutrients in the substrate. In fact, according to Keiding [10], dairy products as well as fresh or fermented wastes from animal origin (different types of meat, excrements, blood etc.) attract flies that come massively to lay.

On the other hand, the level of attractiveness of substrates and the available nutrient content could equally justify the results in measurements. It is observed that the highest length (1.88 ± 0.08 cm) was obtained with maggots from the substrate S1. This value was comparable to that obtained by Tendonkeng et al. [24] (1.22 cm); this relatively good height could be explained by the nutritional content of the substrate and consequently permits the increase in maggots height with time [15,26,27]. The cow dung and the blood being more attractive, the quantity of eggs laid and the number of hatched eggs proportional to the nutrient content, could justify the good development of larvae in the substrate. The lowest mean length (1.43± 0.24 cm) was recorded in the substrate S4; this value is like the norm indicated by Bouafou et al. [28] and Kéyi [23], which is 0.4 to 1.5 cm according to their age in days.

The highest humidity rate (82.75± 2.48%) from maggots in the substrate S4, was comparable (p>0.05) to that from maggots in substrates S3 (87.57 ± 0.77%), S2 (72.39 ± 21.62%) and S1 (81.34 ± 10.41%). All these values were lower than that obtained by Bouafou et al. [12] (92.51%); this difference could be justified by the quantity of water present in these substrates. On the other hand, this value of 82.75± 2.48%, obtained with maggots from S4, is close to the one obtained by Keyi [23] who recorded a water content of 87.47 ± 4.49% with maggots in substrate containing swine dung plus blood. The highest DM content (27.61 ± 21.62%) was obtained with maggot flour from the substrate S2 and the lowest DM content (17.25 ± 2.48%) was obtained in flour from the substrate S4. It appears from all these values that the DM content is inversely proportional to the humidity rate.

The highest CP level (35.98 ± 2.21%) was obtained with maggot flour in the substrate S4; it was comparable (p>0.05) to that of the maggot flour from the substrate S3 (34.66 ± 1.10%). These values were lower than those recorded by Sogbessan et al. [27]; Bouafou et al. [12] and Bouafou et al. [28], respectively comprised between 47.50 and 54.00%; 52.23% and 50.17%, equally lower than those obtained by Tendonkeng et al. [24] and Keyi [23], respectively 53.10% and 57.14%. The fat contents of the maggot flour were significantly different (p<0.05) in all the substrates. The lowest value (8.91 ± 0.30%) was recorded with maggot flour in S2. This value was lower than those obtained by Nzamujo [29], Sogbessan et al. [27], Bouafou et al. [12] and Bouafou et al. [28], respectively 19.30%; 19.30%; 24.43% and 35.41%. Concerning the CP and fats contents, difference in results could be justified not only by the nutrients available in different substrates but also by the developmental stages of larvae. In fact, Ekoue and Hadzi [26] and Bouafou [28] mentioned that the chemical composition of maggot flour could depend on the larval developmental stage [29,30]. So, the most interesting stage is the one of maggot but the closest stage of its transformation into pupa to benefit from all the nutrients (proteins, fats and minerals) [7,31,32].

Conclusion

At the end of this study, it appears that 4 families of flies (Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Strationomiydae and Syrphidae) were identified. The most represented among them was the Calliphoridae. Apart from biomass values, humidity and DM content, substitution has influenced the measurements, the CP and fats contents. Regarding all these results obtained, the substrate S4 made up of 250 g cow dung, 750 g of rumen content and 100 g of blood can be recommended for maggot production in non-ruminants’ feeding.

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Editorial Information

Editor-in-Chief

Emil Srebočan
University of Zagreb, Croatia

Article Type

Research Article

Publication history

Received date: February 16, 2021
Accepted date: March 08, 2021
Published date: March 15, 2021

Copyright

©2021 Tovignon GCZ. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation

Tovignon GCZ, Toure AI, Matumuini FN, Mboko AI, Cédric SIMA, et al. (2021) Effects of the substitution of cow dung by the rumen content on production and chemical composition of maggots. Anim Husb Dairy Vet Sci 4: DOI:10.15761/AHDVS.1000184

Corresponding author

Gilbert Comlan Zougou Tovignon

National Higher Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology (INSAB), University of Science and Techniques Masuku (USTM), P.O. Box 941 Franceville, Gabon

E-mail : bhuvaneswari.bibleraaj@uhsm.nhs.uk

Figure 1. Proportion of flies identified according to families

Table 1. Mean biomass and measurements in maggots according to substrates

Parameters

Substrates

S1

S2

S3

S4

Biomass (g)

Fresh (g)

10.67 ± 3.21a

4.33 ± 2.08a

4.00 ± 1.41a

20.67 ± 2.52a

Dry (g)

1.67 ± 0.58a

0.67± 0.58a

1.00 ± 0.00a

3.67 ± 0.47a

Measurements (cm)

1.88 ± 0.08b

1.74 ± 0.13b

1.82 ± 0.06b

1.43 ± 0.24a

a, b : Means bearing the same letters on the same line are comparable at 5% significant level.

Table 2. Chemical composition of maggots according to substrates

Parameters

Substrates

S1

S2

S3

S4

Humidity (%)

81.34 ± 10.41a

72.39 ± 21.62a

78.57 ± 0.77a

82.75 ± 2.48a

DM (%)

18.66 ± 10.41a

27.61 ± 21.62a

21.43 ± 1.08a

17.25 ± 2.48a

CP (%)

26.56 ± 0.32a

27.57 ± 0.20a

34.66 ± 0.10b

35.98 ± 2.21b

Fats (%)

11.35 ± 0.43b

8.91 ± 0.30a

24.87 ± 0.36d

14.38 ± 0.76c

a, b, c, d: Means bearing the same letters on the same line are comparable at 5% significant level.